Inhibitory effects of apigenin and kaempferol on the essential solute carrier transporters

Table 1 Tissue localization and known substrates of organic anion transporter 3

Tissue localization[52]	Endogenous substrates[52]		Exogenous substrates/Inhibitors[44,52]
Renal proximal tubule cells	Second messengers	cAMP, cGMP	ACE Inhibitors	Captopril, quinapril, enalapril
	Bile salts	Cholate, taurocholate	Angiotensin II receptor blockers	Candesartan, losartan, olmesartan, pratosartan, telmisartan, valsartan
	Hormones	Cortisol, DHEA and ES	Antibiotics	Benzylpenicillin, cefadroxil, cefamandol, cefazolin, cefoperazone, cefotaxim, ceftriaxone, cephalexin, cephaloridine, cephalotin, tetracycline
	Prosta-glandins	E2 and F2α	Antivirals	Acyclovir, ganciclovir, valacyclovir, zidovudine
			H2 antagonists	cimetidine, famotidine, ranitidine
			Antiepileptic	Valproate
			Cytostatics	Azathiopurine, methotrexate
			Diuretics	Acetazolamide, bumetanide, chlorothiazide, cyclothiazide, ethacrynate, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, methazolamide,trichlormethiazide
			NSAIDs	Acetylsalicylate, diclofenac, flufenamate, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, loxoprofen, mefenamate, naproxen, phenacetin, phenylbutazone, piroxicam, salicylate, sulindac
			Statins	Atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin
			Uricosuric	Probenecid

cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate; cGMP: Cyclic guanosine monophosphate; DHEA: Dehydroepiandrosterone; ACE: Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ES: Estrone-3-sulfate; NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.