Improving precision of laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A review on the role of newer intraoperative imaging aids and artificial intelligence

Table 1 Technical process and typical use of common artificial intelligence architectures used in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

AI architecture	Technical process	Primary logic	Thinking style	Typical use
CNN	CV and DL	Spatial. Image analysis	What is the object?	Sees pixels and identify shapes-organ/tool detection/segmentation
Transformer	DL and video analytics	Temporal dependency. Sequence. Video analysis	What happens next?	Looks at the sequence of events over time-video analysis, workflow assessment and phase recognition
GNN	DL and Topological AI	Relational/topological	How are these connected?	Goes beyond seeing pixels to structure-CVS and anatomy mapping
Foundational	Generalist AI/MLLMs	Knowledge	I have seen this before	Generalizable feature extraction and cross-procedural understanding

CVS: Critical view of safety; CNN: Convolutional neural network; GNN: Graph neural network; CV: Computer vision; DL: Deep learning; MLLMs: Multimodal large language models; AI: Artificial intelligence.