Artificial intelligence in coronary computed tomography angiography

Table 1 Summary of the current literature on machine learning-based fractional flow reserve-computed tomography

Ref.	Journal	Prospective	Multi- or single center	Platform	No. of patients	No. of vessels	Compared with CT-FFRCFD	Accuracy	AUC
Itu et al[23], 2016	Journal Application Physiology	No	Single center	-	87	125	Yes	Per-lesion: 83%	Per-lesion: 0.90
Coenen et al[25], 2018	Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging	Yes	The MACHINE registry	cFFR, version 2.1, Siemens	351	525	Yes	Per-lesion: 78%Per-patient: 85%	Per-lesion: 0.84
Tesche et al[26], 2018	Radiology	No	Single Center	cFFR, version 1.4, Siemens	85	104	Yes	Per-lesion: 88%; Per-patient: 92%	Per-lesion: 0.89; Per-patient: 0.91
Mastrodicasa et al[34], 2019	Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomograph	No	Single center	cFFR, version 3.0, Siemens	10/40	160	No	IRIS: 82%; FBP: 82%	-
Baumann et al[32], 2019	European Journal of Radiology	No	The MACHINE registry	cFFR, version 2.1, Siemens	351	525	No	-	Per-patient: Women:0.83; Men: 0.83
Doeberitz et al[27], 2019	European Radiology	No	Single center	cFFR, version 2.1, Siemens	48	103	No	-	Per-lesion: 0.93
Wang et al[24], 2019	Journal of Geriatric Cardiology	Yes	Single center	DEEPVESSE-FFR Platform	63	71	No	Per-lesion: 89%; Per-patient: 87%	Per-lesion: 0.93; Per-patient: 0.93
Tesche et al[30], 2020	Journals of the American College of Cardiology: Cardiovascular Imaging	Yes	The MACHINE registry	cFFR, version 2.1, Siemens	314	482	No	Per-lesion: 78%; CAC ≥ 400: 76%CAC 0-100: 79%; CAC 100-400: 76%	Total: 0.84 CAC ≥ 400: 0.71; CAC 0-400: 0.85
De Geer et al[31], 2019	American Journal of Roentgenology	No	The MACHINE registry	cFFR, version 2.1, Siemens	351	525	No	Total: 78%; 80 kv: 86%; 100 kv: 77%; 120 kv: 78%	Total: 0.84; 80 kv: 0.90; 100 kv: 0.82; 120 kv: 0.84
Xu et al[33], 2020	European Radiology	No	10 individual centers across China	cFFR, version 3.2.0, Siemens	437	570	No	Total: 89%; High quality: 94%; Low quality: 83%	Total: 0.89; High quality: 0.93; Low quality: 0.80
Kumamaru et al[28], 2020	European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging	No	Multi-center	Python 3.6	131	-	No	Per-patient: 76%	Per-patient: 0.78
Li et al[29], 2021	Acta Radiologica	No	Single center	DEEPVESSE-FFR Platform	73	85	No	Per-lesion: 92%; Per-patient: 91%	Per-lesion: 0.96
Xu et al[35], 2020	European Radiology	No	A Chinese multicenter study	cFFR, version 3.1.0, Siemens	442	544	No	Per lesion: 90%	-

IRIS: Iterative reconstruction in image space; FBP: Filtered back projection; CAC: Coronary artery calcium; FFR: Fractional flow reserve; AUC: Area under the curve; CT: Computed tomography.