Artificial intelligence-driven risk estimation, early detection, diagnostic characterisation and prognosis in hepatitis b-related hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 4 Conventional risk scores for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B, with development and validation populations

Score	Development population	Validation populations	Component variables	Reported discrimination
GAG-HCC	Untreated CHB, Chinese (Hong Kong)	Asian CHB cohorts, largely untreated	Age, sex, HBV DNA, core promoter mutation, cirrhosis	C-statistic up to approximately 0.89[7,10]
CU-HCC	CHB carriers, Chinese (Hong Kong)	Asian CHB cohorts; treated and untreated	Age, albumin, bilirubin, HBV DNA, cirrhosis	AUC approximately 0.73-0.85[8]
REACH-B	Untreated CHB, Taiwanese (REVEAL-HBV)	Asian cohorts; attenuated performance in treated patients	Sex, age, ALT, HBeAg, HBV DNA	AUC approximately 0.64-0.79[9]
LSM-HCC	CHB with transient elastography, Chinese (Hong Kong)	Asian CHB cohorts with elastography	Liver stiffness, age, albumin, HBV DNA	AUC approximately 0.77-0.83[10]
PAGE-B	Caucasian CHB on 5-year antiviral therapy (European)	European treated cohorts; reduced performance in Asian populations	Platelets, age, sex	AUC approximately 0.78-0.80[11]
mPAGE-B	Asian CHB on antiviral therapy (Korean)	Asian treated cohorts	PAGE-B variables plus albumin	AUC approximately 0.80-0.82[12]
aMAP	Mixed CHB and chronic hepatitis, multinational (Asian and Caucasian)	Multinational; validated in HBV cirrhosis on ETV or TDF	Age, sex, albumin-bilirubin, platelets	AUC/C-index approximately 0.72-0.87[13,14]

Scores were developed in populations differing by ethnicity, treatment status and stage of liver disease; reported discrimination values are therefore not directly comparable between rows. GAG-HCC: Guide with Age, Gender, Hepatitis B virus DNA, Core Promoter Mutations and cirrhosis-hepatocellular carcinoma; CHB: Chronic hepatitis B; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; CU-HCC: Chinese University hepatocellular carcinoma score; AUC: Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; REVEAL-HBV: Risk Evaluation of Viral Load Elevation and Associated Liver Disease/Cancer-Hepatitis B Virus; REACH-B: Risk estimation for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; HBeAg: Hepatitis B e antigen; LSM: Liver stiffness measurement; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; PAGE-B: Platelets-age-gender-hepatitis B; mPAGE-B: Modified platelets-age-gender-hepatitis B; aMAP: Age-male-albumin-bilirubin-platelets; ETV: Entecavir; TDF: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.