Artificial intelligence in expanding hepatic resection boundaries: Integrating portal flow modulation and regenerative strategies

Figure 4 Sequence of events of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; EGF: Epidermal growth factor; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; HSCs: Hepatic stellate cells; ECs: Endothelial cells; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; FGF1/2: Fibroblast growth factors 1 and 2; PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor; BECs: Biliary epithelial cells; HB-EGF: Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor; ECM: Extracellular matrix; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; MMP-9: Matrix metalloproteinase-9.