Artificial intelligence in expanding hepatic resection boundaries: Integrating portal flow modulation and regenerative strategies

Table 8 Comparative characteristics of portal vein embolization, liver venous deprivation, and associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy

Feature	PVE	LVD	ALPPS
Typical study design	Retrospective cohorts	Retrospective + prospective pilot	Retrospective ALPPS registry
Sample size range	0-50	0-40	0-70
Median hypertrophy (%)	0-37	0-50	0-60
Time to hypertrophy (days)	2-21	8-10	0-7
Failure-to-resect rate (%)	0-5	0	0
90-day morbidity (%)	0-10	5-10	5-35
90-day mortality (%)	0	0	2-8
Key limitations	Collateral formation	More complex, higher dysfunction risk	Highest morbidity and selection bias

PVE: Portal vein embolization; LVD: Liver venous deprivation; ALPPS: Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy.