Artificial intelligence in gastrointestinal cancer: Recent advances and future perspectives

Table 6 Previous studies on the radiological diagnosis of colorectal cancer using radiomics or artificial intelligence

Ref.	Targets	Sample size	Input	Task	Analysis method	Diagnostic performance
Trebeschi et al[66]	LRC	140 cases	Primary tumor, MRI	Automatic detection, segmentation	CNN	DSC: 0.68-0.70, AUC: 0.99
Wang et al[67]	LRC	568 cases	Primary tumor, MRI	Automatic segmentation	CNN	DSC: 0.82
Wang et al[68]	LRC	93 cases	Primary tumor, MRI	Automatic segmentation	Deep learning	DSC: 0.74
Men et al[69]	LRC	278 cases	Primary tumor, CT	Automatic segmentation	CNN	DSC: 0.87
Shayesteh et al[70]	LRC, NCRT followed by surgery	98 cases	Primary tumor, pre-treatment MRI	Prediction of CRT responses	Manual segmentation, radiomics, machine learning	AUC: 0.90
Shi et al[71]	LRC, NCRT followed by surgery	45 cases	Primary tumor, pre-treatment MRI, mid-radiation MRI	Prediction of CRT responses	Manual segmentation, CNN	AUC: CR, 0.83; good response, 0.93
Ferrari et al[72]	LRC, NCRT followed by surgery	55 cases	Primary tumor, MRI before, during and after CRT	Prediction of CRT responses	Manual segmentation, radiomics, RF	AUC: CR: 0.86, non-response: 0.83
Bibault et al[73]	LRC, NCRT followed by surgery	95 cases	Primary tumor, pre-operative CT	Prediction of CRT responses	Manual segmentation, radiomics, CNN	80% accuracy
Dercle et al[74]	CRC, FOLFILI with/without cetuximab	667 cases	Metastatic tumor, CT	Prediction of tumor sensitivity to chemotherapy	Manual segmentation, radiomics, machine learning	AUC: 0.72-0.80
Ding et al[75]	LRC, radical surgery	414 cases	Lymph nodes, pre-operative MRI	Pre-operative diagnosis of lymph node metastasis	Manual segmentation, CNN	AI system > radiologist
Taguchi et al[76]	CRC	40 cases	Primary tumor, CT	Prediction of the KRAS status	Manual segmentation, radiomics	AUC: 0.82

LRC: Lower rectal cancer; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; CNN: Convolutional neural network; DSC: Dice similarity coefficient; AUC: Area under the curve; NCRT: Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy; CR: Complete response; RF: Random forest; CT: Computed tomography; CRC: Colorectal cancer.