Artificial intelligence in gastrointestinal cancer: Recent advances and future perspectives

Table 5 Previous studies on the radiological diagnosis of gastric cancer using radiomics or artificial intelligence

Ref.	Targets	Sample size	Input	Task	Analysis method	Diagnostic performance
Li et al[57]	GC, radical surgery	181 cases	Primary tumor, preoperative CT	Prediction of survival	Manual segmentation, radiomics, Nomograms	The TNM stage and radiomics signature were good biomarkers
Zhang et al[58]	GC, radical surgery	669 cases	Primary tumor, preoperative CT	Predication of early recurrence	Manual segmentation, radiomics, Nomograms	AUC: 0.806-0.831
Li et al[59]	GC, radical surgery	204 cases	Primary tumor, pre-operative dual-energy CT	Pre-operative diagnosis of LNM	Manual segmentation, radiomics, Nomogram	AUC; 0.82--.84
Li et al[60]	GC, radical surgery	554 cases	Primary tumor, preoperative CT	Prediction of a pathological status, survival	Semi-automatic segmentation, radiomics	AUC for prediction of the pathological status: 0.77, the TNM stage and radiomics signature were good biomarkers
Wang et al[61]	GC, radical surgery	187 cases	Primary tumor, preoperative dynamic CT	Pre-operative prediction of intestinal-type GC	Manual segmentation, radiomics, Nomograms	AUC: 0.904
Jiang et al[62]	GC, surgery	214 cases	Primary tumor, preoperative PET-CT	Prediction of survival	Manual segmentation, radiomics, Nomograms	C-index: DFS, 0.800; OS, 0.786
Chen et al[63]	GC, surgery	146 cases	Primary tumor, preoperative MRI	Pre-operative diagnosis of lymph node metastasis	Manual segmentation, radiomics analysis	AUC: 0.878
Gao et al[64]	GC, surgery	627 cases, 17340 images	Lymph nodes, preoperative CT	Pre-operative diagnosis of lymph node metastasis	Manual segmentation, deep learning	AUC: 0.9541.
Huang et al[65]	GC, surgery		Primary tumor, preoperative CT	Pre-operative diagnosis of peritoneal metastasis	Manual segmentation, CNN	Ongoing, retrospective cross-sectional study

GC: Gastric cancer; CT: Computed tomography; AUC: Area under the curve; LNM: Lymph node metastasis; DFS: Disease-free survival; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; CNN: Convolutional neural network.