Artificial intelligence in liver disease: Current status and future direction

Table 1 Examples of artificial intelligence applications in liver disease diagnosis

Disease	Model	Algorithms	Advantages	Disadvantages	Ref.
MASH	ABD-LTyG	LASSO regression	Multiomics data (proteomics and transcriptomics); outperforms traditional assessments such as FIB-4, NFS, and APRI	Reliance on specific biomarkers such as TREM2, IL18BP, and LGALS3BP; validation in a relatively small cohort; complex components	Zhang et al[12], 2025
Fibrosis	ALADDIN	Random forest, gradient boosting machines, and XGBoost	Uses common laboratory parameters with or without VCTE, superior to FIB-4, SAFE, and LiverRisk scores, and noninferior to the FAST Score; includes a user-friendly web-based calculator	Data interpretation lacks expert consensus; limitations in extrapolation of this model to all patients with MASLD	Alkhouri et al[22], 2026
Fibrosis	LiverAID	Basic ML algorithms, including random forest, elastic net, bagging classification trees, and support vector machine	Effective for ruling out significant liver fibrosis; outperforms conventional blood-based indices, including FIB-4, Forns index, and APRI; validated in a large population	Regional study; internal validation only	Blanes-Vidal et al[27], 2022
HCC	PLAN-B	Gradient-boosting machine (GBM)	Validated in two independent cohorts with large, multicenter populations; provides better discrimination than previous models (PAGE-B, modified PAGE-B, REACH-B, and CU-HCC)	Limited generalizability across ethnicities and viral genotypes; potential selection bias; lacks metabolic risk factors and liver stiffness data	Kim et al[31], 2022

ALADDIN: MAchine Learning ADvanceD fibrosis and rIsk MASH Novel predictor; APRI: Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index; FAST: FibroScan-aspartate aminotransferase; FIB-4: Fibrosis-4; GMB: Gradient-boosting machine; IL18BP: Interleukin-18 binding protein; LGALS3BP: Galectin-3-binding protein; LASSO: Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; NFS: NAFLD fibrosis score; SAFE: Steatosis-associated fibrosis estimator score; TREM2: Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2; VCTE: Vibration-controlled transient elastography; XGBoost: EXtreme Gradient Boosting; PAGE-B: Platelet, age, gender–hepatitis B; REACH-B: Risk estimation for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B; CU-HCC: Chinese University hepatocellular carcinoma.