Idiopathic tenosynovitis of the wrist with multiple rice bodies: A case report and review of literature

Table 1 Selected literature review of rice bodies for comparison of outcomes reported

	Numbers	Percent
Gender
Male	37	60.7
Female	24	39.3
Involved site
Flexor tendon sheath	58	95.1
Extensor tendon sheath	3	4.90
Pathogenesis
TB	21	34.4
NTM	15	24.6
Idiopathic tenosynovitis	19	31.1
Other reasons	6	9.8
ESR
Normal	13	21.3
High	14	23.0
ND	34	55.7
CRP
Normal	21	34.4
High	4	6.60
ND	36	59.0
CTS
Negative	14	23.0
Positive	15	24.5
ND	32	52.5
Surgical treatment
Yes	60	98.4
No	1	1.6
Recurrence
Yes	10	16.4
No	35	57.4
ND	16	26.2

ND: Not described; CTS: Carpal tunnel syndrome; TB: Tuberculosis; NTM: Non-tuberculous mycobacteria; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP: C-reaction protein.

Table 2 Description of 57 rice bodies published cases

Ref.	Gender/ age (yr)	Location	Symptoms/duration	Laboratory testing	Histological findings	Pathogenesis	Surgical treatment	Duration-antibiotics	Outcome
Suso et al[18], 1988	M/41	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling, restricted ROM, CTS	Elevated ESR of 51 mm/h	Tuberculous granuloma, langerhan’s cells	TB	Yes	I + R-9 mo	No recurrence during 3 yr follow-up
Sugano et al[19], 2000	M/81	Flexor tendon sheath	Swelling/24 mo	Normal	giant cell, granuloma	IT	Yes	No	ND
Ohtani et al[6], 2002	F/54	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling, restricted ROM/12 mo	ND	Chronic nonspecific inflammation	SLE	Yes	No	No recurrence during 1 yr follow-up
Chau et al[20], 2003	M/50	Flexor tendon sheath	Swelling/13 mo	ND	Granuloma, giant cell	NTM	Yes	Anti-tuberculous chemotherapy	Recurrence 5 mo later and re-operation
	M/69	Flexor tendon sheath	Swelling/13 mo	ND	Granuloma, giant cell	NTM	Yes	Anti-tuberculous chemotherapy	No recurrence
	F/71	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling, CTS/13 mo	ND	Granuloma, giant cell	NTM	Yes	Anti-tuberculous chemotherapy	No recurrence
Lee et al[21], 2004	M/62	Flexor tendon sheath	Swelling, restricted ROM/30 mo	ND	Granuloma	NTM	Yes	Biaxin	Recurrence 2 yr later and re-operation
Huang et al[22], 2005	M/21	Flexor tendon sheath	Swelling/24 mo	ND	Granuloma, langerhan’s cells	TB	Yes	I + R + E-9 mo	No recurrence during 9 mo follow-up
Tyllianakis et al[23], 2006	F/61	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling, restricted ROM/6 mo	Elevated ESR of 40 mm/h	Chronic nonspecific inflammation	IT	Yes	No	No recurrence during 1 yr follow-up
Ergun et al[24], 2008	M/32	Flexor tendon sheath	Swelling/4 mo	Elevated ESR of 37 mm/h	Chronic nonspecific inflammation	IT	Yes	No	No recurrence during 2 yr follow-up
Teo et al[25], 2008	F/49	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling, restricted ROM/7 mo	Elevated ESR of 36 mm/h	Caseous necrosis	TB	Yes	No	ND
Nagasawa et al[26], 2009	M/68	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling, restricted ROM/1 mo	Normal	Chronic nonspecific inflammation	IT	Yes	No	No recurrence during 5 yr follow-up
Sanal et al[27], 2009	M/22	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling/30 mo	ND	ND	NTM	Yes	Tetracycline	ND
Hung et al[28], 2011	F/56	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling/60 mo	Normal	Granuloma	TB	Yes	Anti-tuberculous chemotherapy for 3 mo	No recurrence during 1 yr follow-up
Iyengar et al[29], 2011	F/72	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling, restricted ROM, CTS/6 mo	Elevated ESR of 50 mm/h	Fibrinoid necrosis	Serum-negative RA	Yes	No	Recurrence 5 mo later and re-operation
Woon et al[30], 2011	M/87	Flexor tendon sheath	Swelling/14 mo	ND	Granuloma	TB	Yes	Anti-tuberculous chemotherapy	No recurrence during 4 yr follow-up
	M/70	Flexor tendon sheath	Swelling/14 months	ND	Granuloma	TB	Yes	Anti-tuberculous chemotherapy	No recurrence during 4 yr follow-up
	F/30	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling, restricted ROM, CTS/14 mo	ND	Tuberculous granuloma, multinucleate giant cell	TB	Yes	Anti-tuberculous chemotherapy	No recurrence during 4 yr follow-up
	M/44	Flexor tendon sheath	Swelling/14 mo	ND	Epithelioid granuloma, multinucleate giant cell	TB	Yes	Anti-tuberculous chemotherapy	No recurrence during 4 yr follow-up
	F/24	Flexor tendon sheath	Swelling/14 mo	ND	Epithelioid granuloma, multinucleate giant cell, central caseation	TB	Yes	Anti-tuberculous chemotherapy	No recurrence during 4 yr follow-up
	F/70	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling, restricted ROM, CTS/14 mo	ND	Granuloma, central caseation	TB	Yes	Anti-tuberculous chemotherapy	No recurrence during 4 yr follow-up
Chavan et al[31], 2012	M/57	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling/36 mo	Elevated ESR of 45 mm/h	Granuloma, caseous necrosis	TB	Yes	Anti-tuberculous chemotherapy	ND
Catherine et al[32], 2012	M/51	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling, restricted ROM, CTS/24 mo	Normal	Granuloma	IT	Yes	No	No recurrence during 1 yr follow-up
Chan et al[33], 2014	M/76	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling, restricted ROM/12 mo	Elevated ESR of 48 mm/h and CRP of 22.5 mg/L	Chronic nonspecific inflammation	NTM	Yes	CAM + R + E-2 mo	No recurrence during 1.5 yr follow-up
De Groote et al[34], 2014	M/69	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling, restricted ROM	ND	ND	RA	Yes	No	ND
Hong et al[35], 2015	M/80	Flexor tendon sheath	Swelling/36 mo	Normal	Chronic nonspecific inflammation	IT	Yes	No	No recurrence during 1 yr follow-up
Weber et al[36], 2015	M/66	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling, restricted ROM/6 mo	Elevated CRP of 16 mg/L	Granuloma, giant cell	TB	Yes	I + R-7 mo, P + E-1 mo	No recurrence during 7 mo follow-up
Bayram et al[37], 2016	M/50	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling, restricted ROM/24 mo	Elevated ESR of 24 mm/h and CRP of 18 mg/L	Granuloma	TB	Yes	Anti-tuberculous chemotherapy for 12 mo	Recurrence 6 mo later and re-operation
Sbai et al[38], 2016	M/45	Extensor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling/6 mo	Elevated ESR of 50 mm/h	Giant cell, granuloma, caseous necrosis	TB	Yes	E + P-2 mo, I + R-8 mo	No recurrence during 2 yr follow-up
Sulaiman et al[39], 2016	F/71	Extensor tendon sheath	Swelling, restricted ROM/36 mo	ND	ND	NTM	Yes	Anti-tuberculous chemotherapy and azithromycin for 9 mo	No recurrence during 9 mo follow-up
Namkoong et al[40], 2016	M/76	Flexor tendon sheath	Tendernerss, swelling/2 mo	ND	Granuloma	NTM	Yes	Anti-tuberculous chemotherapy	Recurrence 12 mo later and re-operation
Nabet et al[41], 2017	M/3	Flexor tendon sheath	pain, swelling, restricted ROM/2 mo	Normal	Chronic nonspecific inflammation	JIA	Yes	NSAID-14 mo	No recurrence during 2.5 yr follow-up
Yamamoto et al[42], 2017	M/70	Flexor tendon sheath	ND	ND	ND	IT	Yes	No	ND
	M/70	Flexor tendon sheath	ND	ND	Granuloma	NTM	Yes	Anti-tuberculous chemotherapy	Recurrence and re-operation of 2 times during 37 mo follow-up
	M/53	Flexor tendon sheath	ND	ND	Granuloma	TB	Yes	Anti-tuberculous chemotherapy	Recurrence 14 mo later and re-operation
	M/63	Flexor tendon sheath	ND	ND	Granuloma	TB	Yes	Anti-tuberculous chemotherapy for 12 mo	ND during 1 yr follow-up
	F/83	Flexor tendon sheath	ND	ND	Fibrin deposition	Candida	Yes	Anti-tuberculous chemotherapy and CAM	Recurrence 4 mo later and re-operation
	F/73	Flexor tendon sheath	ND	ND	Granuloma	NTM	Yes	F-8 mo	No recurrence during 8 mo follow-up
	M/90	Flexor tendon sheath	ND	ND	Granuloma	NTM	Yes	F + CAM + E	No recurrence during 6 mo follow-up
	F/77	Flexor tendon sheath	ND	ND	Granuloma	NTM	Yes	F + CAM + E	No recurrence during 1 yr follow-up
	F/80	Flexor tendon sheath	ND	ND	Granuloma	IT	Yes	F + CAM + E	No recurrence during 6 mo follow-up
Baidoo et al[43], 2018	F/65	Flexor tendon sheath	pain, swelling, restricted ROM, CTS/24 mo	Elevated ESR of 94 mm/h	Granuloma, langerhan’s cells	TB	Yes	E + P-3 mo, I + R-9 mo	No recurrence during 1 yr follow-up
Celikyay et al[44], 2018	M/34	Flexor tendon sheath	ND	ND	Granuloma, caseous necrosis	TB	Yes	No	ND
Gupta et al[11], 2018	F/50	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling, restricted ROM/9 mo	Elevated ESR of 50 mm/h	ND	TB	No	Anti-tuberculous chemotherapy for 6 mo	No recurrence during 6 mo follow-up
Hashimoto et al[45], 2018	M/79	Flexor tendon sheath	Swelling/3 mo	ND	Caseous necrosis, langerhan’s cells	TB	Yes	Anti-tuberculous chemotherapy for 2 mo	No recurrence during 1 yr follow-up
Mohammed Reda et al[46], 2018	M/69	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling, CTS/24 mo	Normal	Chronic nonspecific inflammation	IT	Yes	No	No recurrence during 1 yr follow-up
Saraya et al[47], 2018	F/74	Flexor tendon sheath	Swelling, restricted ROM/48 mo	Elevated ESR of 35 mm/h	Granuloma	NTM	Yes	R + E + CAM-6 mo	Recurrence 5 yr later and Remedication for 1.5 yr
Kurra et al[48], 2019	F/44	Extensor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling/12 mo	ND	Chronic nonspecific inflammation	Candida	Yes	No	ND
Matcuk et al[49], 2020	F/80	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling, restricted ROM/6 mo	Elevated ESR of 65 mm/h	Chronic nonspecific inflammation	NTM	Yes	Azithromycin+ E + moxifloxacin + linezolid	Recurrence 3 mo later and re-operation
Perţea et al[50], 2020	F/65	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling, restricted ROM, CTS/2 mo	Normal	Epithelioid granuloma, langerhan’s cells	IT	Yes	No	No recurrence during 30.4 mo follow-up
	F/70	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling, restricted ROM, CTS/4 mo	Normal	Epithelioid granuloma, langerhan’s cells	IT	Yes	No	No recurrence during 30.4 mo follow-up
	M/56	Flexor tendon sheath	Swelling/24 mo	Normal	Epithelioid granuloma, langerhan’s cells	IT	Yes	No	No recurrence during 30.4 mo follow-up
	M/47	Flexor tendon sheath	Swelling/48 mo	Normal	Epithelioid granuloma, langerhan’s cells	IT	Yes	No	No recurrence during 30.4 mo follow-up
Daoussis et al[51], 2021	F/63	Flexor tendon sheath	ND	ND	ND	NTM	Yes	Anti-tuberculous chemotherapy	ND
Tomala et al[52], 2021	F/86	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling, restricted ROM, CTS/24 mo	ND	Chronic nonspecific inflammation	IT	Yes	No	ND
Zeng et al[53], 2018	M/67	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling, restricted ROM/24 mo	Elevated CRP of 32.8 mg/L	Chronic nonspecific inflammation	IT	Yes	No	No recurrence
Li and Zhang et al[54], 2019	M/55	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling, restricted ROM/36 mo	ND	Chronic nonspecific inflammation	IT	Yes	No	No recurrence during 3 mo follow-up
Cheng et al[55], 2020	M/41	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling, restricted ROM, CTS/0.5 mo	Elevated ESR of 17 mm/h	ND	IT	Yes	No	ND
Liang et al[56], 2020	F/45	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling, restricted ROM, CTS/24 mo	Normal	Chronic nonspecific inflammation	IT	Yes	No	No recurrence during 1 yr follow-up
Liu et al[57], 2021	M/56	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling, CTS/24 mo	ND	Prominent acidophilic, amorphous necrotic areas	IT	Yes	No	ND
Korkmaz et al[58], 2021	M/42	Flexor tendon sheath	Pain, swelling/24 mo	Normal	Granulomatous lesions with central necrosis	TB	Yes	Anti-tuberculous chemotherapy	No recurrence during 4 mo follow-up

M/F: Male/female; ND: Not described; ROM: Range of movement; CTS: Carpal tunnel syndrome; TB: Tuberculosis; NTM: Nontuberculous mycobacteria; IT: Idiopathic tenosynovitis; JIA: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis; RA: Rheumatoid arthritis; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP: C-reaction protein; I: Isoniazide; R: Rifampicin; E: Ethambutol; P: Pyrazinamide; NSAID: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; CAM: Clarithromycin; F: Fluconazole.