Long survival after immunotherapy plus paclitaxel in advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A case report and review of literature

Table 1 Reported cases of programmed death 1 inhibitors and chemotherapy in patients with cholangiocarcinoma

Ref.	Biomarker	Drug	Patient population	Sample size	Best effect	PFS
Ma et al[35], 2021	NA	FOLFOX6 + Camrelizumab + Fruquintinib	fourth line	1	PR	2 mo
Liu et al[36], 2020	TMB-H	Sintilimab + S-1	third line	1	PR	5 mo
Sui et al[37], 2019	High insertion-deletion ratio	Tegafur + Pembrolizumab	first line	2	cCR	16 mo; 13 mo
Mou et al[38], 2018	TMB-H; PD-L1	Pembrolizumab + SOX	second line	1	cCR	11 mo

NA: Not available; TMB: Tumor mutation load; PR: Partial remission; PFS: Progression free survival; PD-L1: programmed cell death ligand 1; cCR: Clinical complete remission.

Table 2 Immunomodulatory effects of chemotherapeutic agents

	Immunogenic cell death	PD-L1 ↑	MDSC ↓	Treg ↓	M2↓	MHC class I ↑	Dendritic cells mature	T-cell effectors ↑
Gemcitabine[39-41]	×	√	√	√	×	√	√	√
Platinum[42-45]	?	√	√	√	×	√	√	√
Paclitaxel[44,46-49]	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
Fluorouracil[50-53]	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	?

↑: Increase; ↓: Decrease; ?: Unsure; √: Modulate mechanism; ×: Does not modulate mechanism; MDSC: Myeloid derived suppressor cell; MHC: Major histocompatibility complex; PD-L1: Programmed death ligand 1; M2: Tumor-associated macrophage type 2; Treg: T-regulatory cell.