Endothelial injury and inflammation in patients with hyperuricemic nephropathy at chronic kidney disease stages 1-2 and 3-4

doi:10.12998/wjcc.v10.i32.11766

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World Journal of Clinical Cases

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World J Clin Cases. Nov 16, 2022; 10(32): 11766-11774
Published online Nov 16, 2022. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i32.11766

Table 1 General data of patients in stages chronic kidney disease 1-2 and chronic kidney 3-4

Items		CKD 1-2 (n = 49)	CKD 3-4 (n = 31)	t/Z/χ²	P value
Age (yr)		42 (35-52)	66 (61-69)	6.514	< 0.001^c
Sex	Male	48 (98.0%)	29 (93.5%)	1.023	0.312
Sex	Female	1 (2.0%)	2 (6.5%)
Course of gout (mo)		45.7 (14.8-80.55)	81.3 (39.3-173.63)	2.583	0.010^a
Heart rate (beats/min)		75.04 ± 9.836	74.87 ± 8.62	0.079	0.937
BMI		25.95 (24.54-27.66)	24.77 (24.00-27.28)	-1.487	0.137
Systolic pressure (mmHg)		129.18 ± 10.55	130.61 ± 10.70	-0.587	0.559
Diastolic pressure (mmHg)		83.94 ± 8.59	82.97 ± 6.44	0.540	0.591
Incidence of hypertension %		39 (79.6%)	30 (96.8%)	4.727	0.030^a
SUA (umol/L)		474.41 ± 102.34	483.90 ± 107.97	-0.396	0.693
Scr (mmol/L)		92.78 ± 12.55	145.87 ± 48.14	-7.360	< 0.001^c
BUN (mmol/L)		5.20 ± 1.06	9.35 ± 3.46	-7.857	< 0.001^c
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)		91.73 ± 14.82	40.91 ± 11.84	16.111	< 0.001^c
Urine NAG (U/L)		0.70 (0.10-5.08)	0.70 (2.05-14.82)	3.402	0.001^b
Urine RBP (mg/L)		0.20 (0.10-0.30)	0.58 (0.20-1.95)	3.059	0.002^b
Urine β2-MG (mg/L)		0.20 (0.10-0.30)	0.30 (0.12-1.91)	2.615	0.009^b
Urine Alb/Cr (mg/g)		4.79 (2.07-9.04)	45.76 (8.22-316.75)	4.504	< 0.001^c

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

CKD: Chronic kidney disease; BMI: Body mass index; SUA: Serum uric acid; Scr: Serum creatinine; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; NAG: N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosidase; RBP: Retinol binding protein; β2-MG: β2-Microglobulin; Alb/Cr: Albumin-to-creatinine.

Table 2 Differences in levels of biomarkers between chronic kidney disease 1-2 and chronic kidney 3-4

Markers (plasm or urine)	CKD 1-2 (n = 49)	CKD 3-4 (n = 31)	t/Z	P value
Plasm heparan sulfate (pg/mL)	410.37 (174.13-608.45)	853.59 (646.14-1032.49)	4.763	< 0.001^c
Plasm endocan (pg/mL)	81.78 (48.23-120.75)	131.33 (60.02-199.01)	2.115	0.034^a
Plasm Ox-LDL (ng/mL)	2.65 (1.58-3.67)	3.58 (1.94-5.03)	1.760	0.078
Plasm E-selectin (pg/mL)	396.33 (274.44-548.49)	558.75 (488.06-733.80)	3.672	< 0.001^c
Plasm slCAM1 (ng/mL)	662.03 ± 32.28	991.55 ± 64.83	-4.906	< 0.001^c
Urine L-PGDS (ng/mL)	0.10 (0.08-0.39)	0.63 (0.19-1.28)	3.580	< 0.001^c
Plasm IL-1β (pg/mL)	33.42 (31.63-36.38)	36.60 (33.20-39.74)	2.732	0.006^b
Plasm IL-6 (pg/mL)	12.12 (10.04-15.17)	18.16 (11.43-20.86)	2.899	0.004^b
Urine IL-1β (pg/mL)	7.16 (5.46-12.16)	12.00 (7.84-18.24)	2.928	0.003^b
Urine IL-6 (pg/mL)	2.18 (01.39-3.83)	7.42 (3.57-14.16)	4.370	< 0.001^c

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

CKD: chronic kidney disease; Ox-LDL: Oxidized low density lipoprotein; slCAM1: Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1; L-PGDS: Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase; IL: Interleukin.

Table 3 Chronic kidney disease multivariate logistic regression analysis of staging and markers of endothelial injury and inflammation levels

Makers (plasm or urine)	B	Wald	Exp(B)	95%CI	Sig
Plasm heparan sulfate (pg/mL)	0.004	5.845	1.004	1.001-1.008	0.016^a
Plasm endocan (pg/mL)	< 0.001	< 0.001	1.000	0.987-1.014	0.987
Plasm Ox-LDL (ng/mL)	-0.214	0.606	0.807	0.471-1.384	0.436
Plasm E-selectin (pg/mL)	0.002	0.644	1.002	0.997-1.007	0.422
Plasm slCAM1 (ng/mL)	2.178	6.952	8.831	1.749-44.588	0.008^b
Plasm L-PGDS (ng/mL)	0.033	0.002	1.034	0.195-5.490	0.969
Plasm IL-1β (pg/mL)	-0.046	0.952	0.955	0.870-1.048	0.329
Plasm IL-6 (pg/mL)	-0.041	0.421	0.960	0.848-1.087	0.516
Urine IL-1β (pg/mL)	-0.010	0.016	0.990	0.847-1.157	0.901
Urine IL-6 (pg/mL)	0.046	0.126	1.047	0.813-1.348	0.723

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

CKD: Chronic kidney disease; Ox-LDL: Oxidized low density lipoprotein; slCAM1: Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1; L-PGDS: Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase; IL: Interleukin; B: Partial regression coefficient; Wald: χ² value; Exp(B): Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; Sig: Significance.

Citation: Xu L, Lu LL, Wang YT, Zhou JB, Wang CX, Xin JD, Gao JD. Endothelial injury and inflammation in patients with hyperuricemic nephropathy at chronic kidney disease stages 1-2 and 3-4. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10(32): 11766-11774
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v10/i32/11766.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v10.i32.11766