Identification of independent risk factors for intraoperative gastroesophageal reflux in adult patients undergoing general anesthesia

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of recruited patients, n (%)

Variable	Non-GER	GER	P value
n	519	82
Sex
Male	260 (50.10)	32 (39.02)	0.085
Female	259 (49.90)	50 (60.98)
Age (yr)	49.00 (35.00, 61.00)	60.00 (42.00, 68.00)
Type of surgery
Orthopedics	117 (22.54)	24 (29.27)	0.169
Abdominal	402 (77.46)	58 (70.73)
Operative time (min)	85.00 (50.00, 140.00)	120.00 (75.00, 190.00)
BMI (kg/m2)	23.63 (20.96, 26.30)	24.77 (20.28, 26.22)
Intraoperative blood loss (mL)	200.00 (100.00, 300.00)	250.00 (50.00, 350.00)
Smoking status
Never	446 (85.93)	64 (78.05)	0.116
Current or former	73 (14.07)	18 (21.95)
Alcohol intake
Never	477 (91.91)	73 (89.02)	0.436
Yes	42 (8.09)	9 (10.98)
Pharyngitis
Never	472 (90.94)	23 (28.05)	< 0.001
Yes	47 (9.06)	59 (71.95)
History of GER
Never	506 (97.50)	66 (80.49)	< 0.001
Yes	13 (2.50)	16 (19.51)
Other digestive tract diseases
Never	497 (95.76)	71 (86.59)	0.023
Yes	22 (4.24)	11 (13.41)
Hypertension
Never	413 (79.58)	66 (80.49)	0.846
Yes	106 (20.42)	16 (19.51)
Diabetes mellitus
Never	457 (88.05)	70 (85.37)	0.523
Yes	62 (11.95)	12 (14.63)
History of asthma
Never	501 (96.53)	73 (89.02)	0.041
Yes	18 (3.47)	9 (10.98)
Psychiatric history
Never	510 (98.27)	79 (96.34)	0.375
Yes	9 (1.73)	3 (3.66)
History of respiratory infection (within 2 mo)
Never	510 (98.27)	80 (97.56)	0.696
Yes	9 (1.73)	2 (2.44)
History of surgery
Never	500 (96.34)	76 (92.68)	0.229
Yes	19 (3.66)	6 (7.32)
Lidocaine (2% mL)	3.00 (2.20, 3.50)	3.00 (2.30, 3.55)
Palliative
Midazolam	360 (69.36)	64 (78.05)	0.071
Dexmedetomidine	159 (30.64)	18 (21.95)
Sufentanil (g)
10	10 (1.93)	0 (0.00)	0.032
15	169 (32.56)	36 (43.90)
20	340 (65.51)	46 (56.10)
Propofol (mg)	100.00 (100.00, 100.00)	100.00 (90.00, 100.00)
Rocuronium bromide	50.00 (40.00, 50.00)	50.00 (40.00, 50.00)
Sufentanil	10.00 (10.00, 30.00)	30.00 (10.00, 30.00)
SAI	46.01	46.10
TAI	42.90	42.90
SDS	42.59	42.50

BMI: Body mass index; GER: Gastroesophageal reflux; SAI: State anxiety inventory; SDS: Self-rating depression scale; TAI: Trait anxiety inventory.