Validated tool for early prediction of intensive care unit admission in COVID-19 patients

Table 1 Baseline clinical and laboratory characteristics

Characteristics	Training cohort, n = 681	Validation cohort, n = 296	P value
Age (yr)	63.0 (51.0-71.0)	49.0 (36.0-61.0)	< 0.001
Gender (male)	338 (49.6%)	146 (49.3%)	0.985
BNP (ng/L)	27.9 (11.5-64.5)	37.6 (37.6-37.8)	< 0.001
CRP (mg/L)	13.7 (2.5-53.6)	11.4 (5.0-26.2)	0.073
D-dimer (mg/L)	0.6 (0.3-1.4)	0.4 (0.3-0.5)	< 0.001
Albumin (g/L)	37.4 (33.7-40.8)	43.0 (40.7-44.8)	< 0.001
C3 (g/L)	1.1 (1.0-1.2)	1.1 (1.1-1.1)	0.382
AST (U/L)	27.0 (20.0-38.0)	26.3 (21.0-34.2)	0.230
APTT (s)	29.7 (26.5-33.5)	35.1 (32.4-37.8)	< 0.001
K+ (mmol/L)	3.9 (3.6-4.3)	3.8 (3.6-4.0)	< 0.001
LYMPH (109/L)	1.1 (0.8-1.5)	1.3 (1.0-1.7)	< 0.001
IgA (g/L)	2.6 (2.0-3.3)	2.0 (2.0-2.0)	< 0.001
LDH (U/L)	214.0 (169.0-294.0)	224.0 (179.0-397.8)	0.001
Hgb (g/L)	126.0 (116.0-135.0)	137.0 (126.0-146.0)	< 0.001
GLU (mmoL/L)	5.4 (4.7-6.8)	5.8 (5.3-6.6)	< 0.001
NEUT (109/L)	3.2 (2.4-4.4)	2.8 (2.0-3.6)	< 0.001
CK (U/L)	71.0 (46.0-133.0)	61.0 (61.0-61.0)	0.001
Cr (μmoI/L)	65.9 (53.6-81.5)	63.0 (52.5-77.0)	0.033
ALT (U/L)	24.0 (15.0-37.0)	24.0 (16.0-35.3)	0.465
PLT (109/L)	192.0 (152.0-258.0)	184.0 (143.8-227.0)	0.002
PCT (ug/L)	0.05 (0.05-0.06)	0.04 (0.03-0.06)	< 0.001
TBil (μmol/L)	8.9 (6.6-11.9)	10.2 (7.9-13.9)	< 0.001
WBC (109/L)	5.0 (3.9-6.3)	4.7 (3.7-5.8)	0.032
NLR	2.8 (1.9-4.5)	2.1 (1.4-3.2)	< 0.001
LAC (mmoL/L)	2.8 (2.3-3.4)	1.4 (1.1-1.5)	< 0.001

ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BNP: Brain natriuretic peptide; CK: Creatine kinase; Cr: Creatinine; CRP: C-reactive protein; GLU: Glucose; Hgb: Hemoglobin; IgA: Immunoglobulin A; LAC: Lactate; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; LYMPH: Lymphocyte; NEUT: Neutrophils; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PCT: Procalcitonin; PLT: Platelet; TBil: Total bilirubin; WBC: White blood cell.