Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Clin Cases. Oct 6, 2021; 9(28): 8374-8387
Published online Oct 6, 2021. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i28.8374
Table 2 Association between clinical laboratory markers and death as an outcome

Alive, n (%)
Dead, n (%)
OR1 (95%CI)
OR2 (95%CI)
OR3 (95%CI)
OR4 (95%CI)
Age (n = 384), yr
< 35 (n = 66)63 (95.5)3 (4.5)----
35-44 (n = 50)48 (96)2 (4)0.87 (0.14-5.44)0.65 (0.10-4.19)0.71 (0.094-5.50)0.27 (0.39-1.90)
45-54 (n = 45)41 (91.1)4 (8.9)2.04 (0.43-9.63)1.64 (0.33-7.96)1.85 (0.31-11.07)0.69 (0.13-3.64)
55-64 (n = 95)85 (89.5)10 (10.5)2.47 (0.65-9.34)1.63 (0.39-6.66)1.54 (0.30-7.93)0.70 (0.15-3.20)
65-74 (n = 63)37 (58.7)26 (41.3)14.7 (4.17-52.13)9.88 (2.62-37.17)9.91 (2.09-46.81)3.08 (0.73-13.01)
≥ 75 (n = 65)47 (72.3)18 (27.7)8.04 (2.23-28.90)5.80 (1.52-22.1)5.95 (1.23-28.80)2.10 (0.49-8.98)
Sex (n = 385)
Female (n = 191)165 (86.4)26 (13.6)----
Male (n = 194)157 (80.9)37 (19.1)1.49 (0.86-2.58)1.44 (0.78-2.65)1.43 (0.75-2.70)1.17 (0.58-2.36)
Ethnicity (n = 385)
African American (n = 257)204 (79.4)53 (20.6)----
European American (n = 26)23 (88.5)3 (11.5)0.50 (0.14-1.73)0.54 (0.14-1.96)0.38 (0.08-1.83)1.00 (0.22-4.50)
LatinX (n = 102)95 (93.1)7 (6.9))0.28 (0.12-0.64)0.52 (0.21-1.30)0.55 (0.21-1.47)0.64 (0.23-1.76)
BMI (n = 332)
Normal (n = 127)108 (85)19 (15)---
Overweight (n = 94)76 (80.9)18 (19.1)1.34 (0.66-2.73)1.02 (0.47-2.23)1.00 (0.46-2.19)
Obese (n = 111)89 (80.2)22 (19.8)1.40 (0.71-2.75)1.22 (0.58-2.56)1.18 (0.56-2.49)
Baseline comorbidities (no, always as reference)
Cardiac disease (n = 375)
No (n = 302)257 (85.1)45 (14.9)--
Yes (n = 73)55 (75.3)18 (24.7)1.86 (1.00-3.47)0.96 (0.47-1.95)
Diabetes mellitus (n = 377)
No (n = 236)202 (85.6)34 (14.4)--
Yes (n = 141)112 (79.4)29 (20.6)1.53 (0.89-2.65)1.15 (0.63-2.11)
Hypertension (n = 373)
No (n = 183)156 (85.2)27 (14.8)--
Yes (n = 190)155 (81.6)35 (18.4)1.30 (0.75-2.25)0.79 (0.42-1.51)
Immune suppression (n =369)
No (n = 355)282 (84.2)53 (15.8)--
Yes (n = 34)25 (73.5)9 (26.5)1.91 (0.84-4.33)2.19 (0.87-5.53)
Presenting symptoms
Fever (n = 383)
No (n = 174)149 (85.6)25 (14.4)--
Yes (n = 209)171 (81.8)38 (18.2)1.32 (0.76-2.29)1.07 (0.58-1.96)
Cough (n = 380)
No (n = 151)125 (82.8)26 (17.2)--
Yes (n = 229)193 (84.3)36 (15.7)0.89 (0.51-1.55)0.87 (0.46-1.63)
Shortness of breath (n = 381)
No (n = 144)133 (92.4)11 (7.6)----
Yes (n = 237)185 (78.1)52 (21.9)3.39 (1.70-6.75)3.64 (1.73-7.65)3.60 (1.71-7.56)2.38 (1.07-4.09)
Fatigue (n = 236)
No (n = 143)125 (87.4)18 (12.6)--
Yes (n = 93)80 (86)13 (14)1.12 (0.52-2.42)0.71 (0.30-1.67)
Nausea (n = 362)
No (n = 315)264 (83.8)51 (16.2)--
Yes (n = 47)42 (89.4)5 (10.6)0.61 (0.23-1.63)0.86 (0.30-2.50)
Vomiting (n = 375)
No (n = 332)277 (83.4)55 (16.6)--
Yes (n = 43)39 (90.7)4 (9.3)0.51 (0.17-1.50)0.631 (0.20-1.99)
Abdominal pain (n = 343)
No (n = 296)248 (83.8)48 (16.2)--
Yes (n = 47)44 (93.6)3 (6.4)0.35 (0.10-1.18) 0.50 (0.14-1.82)
Diarrhea (n =377)
No (n = 317)264 (83.3)53 (16.7)--
Yes (n = 60)52 (86.7)8 (13.3)0.76 (0.34-1.70)0.74 (0.31-1.78)
Anorexia (n = 325)
No (n = 238)208 (87.4)30 (12.6)--
Yes (n = 87)69 (79.3)18 (20.7)1.80 (0.94-3.44)1.30 (0.63-2.68)
Laboratory results (quartiles determined based on the entire study population; q1 always as reference)
Lymphocyte count (n = 380)
Normal (n = 193)177 (91.7)16 (8.3)--
Low (n = 163)121 (74.2)42 (25.8)3.84 (2.06-7.14)2.77 (1.41-5.45)
Elevated (n = 24)19 (79.2)5 (20.8)2.91 (0.95-8.83)3.27 (0.97-11.04)
CRP (n = 293)
Normal (n = 99)91 (919)8 (8.1)----
Elevated (n = 194)149 (76.8)45 (23.3)3.43 (1.55-7.61)3.19 (1.39-7.29)3.11 (1.38-7.04)2.77 (1.21-6.34)
D-Dimer (n = 309)
Normal (n = 39)39 (100)0 (0)L. Reg. N/A: No death for normal D-dimer; Chi-square P = 0.001 highly significant
Elevated (n = 270)212 (78.5)58 (21.5)
Procalcitonin (n = 276)
Normal (n = 163)151 (92.6)12 (7.4)--
Elevated (n = 113)67 (59.3)46 (40.7)8.63 (4.30-17.3)8.27 (3.95-17.3)
Ferritin (n = 273)
Normal (n = 98)88 (89.8)10 (10.2)--
Elevated (n = 175)131 (74.9)44 (25.1)2.95 (1.41-6.18)2.69 (1.24-5.82)
Hydroxychloroquine (n = 371)
No (n = 291)249 (80.8)42 (66.7)--
Yes (n = 80)59 (19.2)21 (33.3)2.11 (1.16, 3.83)1.93 (0.98 - 3.79)
ALP (n = 317)
Normal (n = 260)221 (85)39 (68.4)--
Elevated (n = 57)39 (15)18 (31.6) 2.61 (1.36 – 5.03)3.52 (1.65-7.51)
AST (n = 332)
Normal (n = 185)174 (94.1)11 (5.9)--
Elevated (n = 147)98 (66.7)49 (33.3)7.90 (3.93-15.9)8.01 (3.79-16.9)
ALT (n = 329)
Normal (n = 231)197 (85.3)34 (14.7)--
Elevated (n = 98)72 (73.5)26 (26.5)2.09 (1.17-3.73)2.64 (1.36-5.01)
Interventions (no as reference)
Glucocorticoids (n = 371)
No (n = 303)267 (88.1)36 (11.9)--
Yes (n = 68)41 (60.3)27 (39.7)4.88 (2.68-8.87)5.40 (2.72-10.7)
Mechanical ventilation (n = 376)
No (n = 320)303 (94.7)17 (5.3)--
Yes (n = 56)17 (30.4)39 (69.6)40.8 (19.3-86.5)35.2 (15.3-81.1)

  • Citation: Ashktorab H, Folake A, Pizuorno A, Oskrochi G, Oppong-Twene P, Tamanna N, Mehdipour Dalivand M, Umeh LN, Moon ES, Kone AM, Banson A, Federman C, Ramos E, Awoyemi EO, Wonni BJ, Otto E, Maskalo G, Velez AO, Rankine S, Thrift C, Ekwunazu C, Scholes D, Chirumamilla LG, Ibrahim ME, Mitchell B, Ross J, Curtis J, Kim R, Gilliard C, Mathew J, Laiyemo A, Kibreab A, Lee E, Sherif Z, Shokrani B, Aduli F, Brim H. COVID-19 among African Americans and Hispanics: Does gastrointestinal symptoms impact the outcome? World J Clin Cases 2021; 9(28): 8374-8387
  • URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v9/i28/8374.htm
  • DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v9.i28.8374