Herb-induced liver injury: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 The prevalence of herbs or herbal compounds found in the systematic review

Variable	Patients, n = 936 (%)
Number of herbs per case
One	823 (87.9)
Two	87 (9.2)
Three	17 (1.8)
Four	9 (0.9)
Herbs	1084 (100)
He-Shou-Wu	91 (8.3)
Green tea extract	90 (8.3)
Herbalife	64 (5.9)
Kava kava	62 (5.7)
Greater celandine	48 (4.4)
Multiple herbs	38 (3.5)
Germander	35 (3.2)
Hydroxycut	35 (3.2)
Skullcap	35 (3.2)
Kratom	33 (3.0)
Gynura segetum	29 (2.6)
Garcinia cambogia	29 (2.6)
Ma huang	27 (2.4)
Chaparral	26 (2.4)
Senna	25 (2.3)
Aloe vera	22 (2.0)
Jin Bu Huan	19 (1.7)
Oxyelite	17 (1.5)
Valerian	16 (1.4)
Red Yeast Rice	16 (1.4)
Black Cohosh	15 (1.3)
Noni	14 (1.2)
Senecio	14 (1.2)
Turmeric	13 (1.2)
Dictamnus dasycarpus	12 (1.1)
No-xplode	12 (1.1)
St. John’s Wort	12 (1.1)
Black catechu	11 (1)
LipoKinetix	11 (1)
Others	159 (14.6)
Ginseng	10 (6.2)
Pennyroyal oil	9 (5.6)
Cascara-Sagrada	9 (5.6)
Ashwagandha	9 (5.6)
Atractylis gummifera	8 (5)
Comfrey	8 (5)
Psoralea corylifolia	8 (5)
Field Horsetail	7 (4.4)
Citrus aurantium	7 (4.4)
Equinácea	6 (3.7)
Heliotropium	5 (3.1)
Saw palmetto	5 (3.1)
Syo-saiko-to	5 (3.1)
Ba Jiao Lian	4 (2.5)
Crotalaria	3 (1.8)
Impila	3 (1.8)
Mistletoe	3 (1.8)
Erva-mate	3 (1.8)
Kombucha tea	3 (1.8)
Soy isoflavones	3 (1.8)
Centella asiática	3 (1.8)
Red Bush tea	3 (1.8)
Milk thistle	3 (1.8)
Mentha piperita	2 (1.2)
Tussilago farfara	2 (1.2)
Aesculus hippocastanum	2 (1.2)
Tinospora crispa	2 (1.2)
Malva	2 (1.2)
Margosa oil	2 (1.2)
Nerium oleander	1 (0.6)
Chinese Herbal Medicine	1 (0.6)
Maya nut	1 (0.6)
Eucalyptus globulus	1 (0.6)
Pelargonium sidoides	1 (0.6)
Lesser celandine	1 (0.6)
Kudzu root extract	1 (0.6)
Grifola frondosa	1 (0.6)
Adenostyles alliariae	1 (0.6)
Argemone Mexicana	1 (0.6)
Willow bark tea	1 (0.6)
Pioscoreae rhizome	1 (0.6)
Green coffee	1 (0.6)
Chamomile	1 (0.6)
Chaga tea	1 (0.6)
Yang ti cao	1 (0.6)
Orthosiphon aristatus	1 (0.6)
Solanum nigrum	1 (0.6)
Mango	1 (0.6)
Isabgol	1 (0.6)
Unknown	54 (4.9)