Clinical potentials of ginseng polysaccharide for treating gestational diabetes mellitus

Figure 1 Summary of the biological activities and effects of ginseng polysaccharide based on in vivo and in vitro experiments. Ginseng polysaccharide exerts antioxidant, immunostimulatory, antitumor, anticancer, antimalarial, and anti-influenza activities and enhances mitochondrial protection, gastrointestinal protection, and probiotic balance. It can also improve bodily functions. ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; CAT: Catalase; DRD1: Dopamine D1 receptor; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; GPS: Ginseng polysaccharide; IL: Interleukin; MDA: Malondialdehyde; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-κB; NO: Nitric oxide; NPY: Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y; POMC: Proopiomelanocortins; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factor α.