Status, challenges, and future prospects of stem cell therapy in pelvic floor disorders

Table 2 Clinical trials of stem cells used for pelvic floor disorders treatment

No.	Cell type	Patients	Transplantation method	Follow-up	Complications	Results	Ref.
1	ADMSCs	5 patients with SUI	Transurethral injection	1 yr	No severe complications reported	3 patients with a negative cough test; 40% patients satisfied with the treatment; The 24-h pad test also showed improvement	Kuismanen et al[31]
2	MDSCs	16 patients with SUI	Injection into the urethral sphincter	1 yr	No severe complications reported	50% continence; 25% some improvement; 25% no improvement	Stangel-Wojcikiewicz et al[35]
3	MDSCs	8 patients with SUI	Transurethral injection	Mean follow-up of 16.5 mo	No serious adverse events reported	62.5% improvement in SUI by the diary and pad weight test; 1 case of total continence; Cure or improvement continued for a median of 10 mo; 2 continued to have stress episodes and positive pad weight tests	Carr et al[36]
4	MDSCs	12 patients with SUI	Intrasphincteric injections	1 yr	1 case of occasional episodes of UTI; No other adverse events	25% dry; 7 patients improved in the pad test; 50% quality of life improved; 2 patients slightly worsened	Surcel et al[37]
5	MDSCs	20 patients with SUI	Injection into the urethral submucosa and rhabdosphincter	2 yr	No serious adverse events reported	90% were cured and 10% significantly improved after 1 yr; 89% were cured and 11% improved after 2 yr	Mitterberger et al[38]
6	MDSCs	123 patients with SUI	Ultrasonography-guided transurethral injections	1 yr	No serious adverse events reported	79% were completely continent; 13% with substantial and 8% with slight improvement; 4 patients were lost to follow-up after 1 yr	Mitterberger et al[39]

ADMSCs: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; MDSCs: Muscle-derived stem cells; SUI: Stress urinary incontinence.