Cardiovascular impact of COVID-19 with a focus on children: A systematic review

Table 5 Summary of the data about cardiovascular involvement reported by the case series with more than 10 children with Pediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome

Author	Feldstein	Dufort	Miller	Capone	Kaushik	Cheung	Riollano-Cruz	Verdoni	Whittaker	Ramcharan	Hameed	Toubiana	Belhadjer	Grimaud	Pouletty	Moraleda
Demographic
Country	United States	United States	United States	United States	United States	United States	United States	Italy	United Kingdom	United Kingdom	United Kingdom	France	France & Sw	France	France	Spain
Size	186	99	44	33	33	17	15	10	58	15	35	21	35	20	16	31
Age	8.3	8.4	7.3	8.6	10	8	12	7.5	9	8.8	11	8	10	10	10	7.6
Male Sex	115 (62%)	53 (53%)	20 (45%)	20 (60%)	20 (60%)	8 (47%)	11 (73%)	7 (70%)	25 (43%)	11 (73%)	27 (77%)	9 (43%)	18 (51%)	10 (50%)	8 (50%)	18 (58%)
Commorbidity	59 (31%)	35 (35%)	16 (36%)	4 (9%)	16 (48%)	3 (17%)	5 (33%)	0 (0%)	7 (12%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	10 (28.5%)	0 (0%)	6 (37.5%)	10 (32%)
Cardiovascular involvement
Shock	NR	32 (32%)	NR	16 (48%)	21 (63%)	13 (76%)	13 (87%)	5 (50%)	27 (46%)	10 (66%)	21 (60%)	12 (57%)	28 (80%)	20 (100%)	11 (68%)	15 (48%)
ECG alterations	22 (12%)	59 (59%)	22 (50%)	NR	NR	16 (94%)	2 (13%)	NR	4 (7%)	9 (60%)	NR	2 (10%)	1 (3%)	NR	NR	7 (23%)
Increased cTn	77/153 (50%)	63/89 (71%)	NR	33 (100%)	33 (100%)	14 (82%)	13 (87%)	5/9 (55%)	34/50 (68%)	15 (100%)	35 (100%)	17 (81%)	35 (100%)	20 (100%)	11/11 (100%)	NR
Increased pro-BNP	94/128 (74%)	74/82 (90%)	NR	33 (100%)	33 (100%)	15 (88%)	13 (87%)	10 (100%)	24/29 (83%)	15 (100%)	35 (100%)	14/18 (78%)	35 (100%)	15/15 (100%)	16 (100%)	22 (71%)
Myocardial dysfunction	70 (38%)	51 (52%)	22 (50%)	19 (58%)	22 (63%)	6 (35%)	7 (57%)	5 (50%)	18 (31%)	12 (80%)	15 (43%)	16 (76%)	35 (100%)	20 (100%)	7 (43%)	15 (48%)
Coronary artery involvement	15 (8%)	9 (9%)	0 (0%)	16 (48%)	0 (0%)	7 (41%)	3 (20%)	2 (80%)	8 (14%)	14 (93%)	6 (20%)	8 (38%)	6 (17%)	0 (0%)	3 (18%)	3 (10%)
Treatment
Mechanical ventilation	37 (20%)	10 (10%)	1 (2%)	6 (18%)	5 (15%)	0 (0%)	3 (20%)	0 (0%)	25 (43%)	4 26%)	7 (20%)	11 (52%)	22 (62%)	8 (40%)	2 (12%)	6 (19%)
Inotropic support	90 (48%)	61 (62%)	22 (50%)	25 (75%)	17 (51%)	10 (59%)	8 (53%)	2 (20%)	29 (50%)	10 (67%)	20 (57%)	15 (71%)	28 (80%)	19 (95%)	6 (38%)	15 (48%)
ECMO support	8 (4%)	4 (4%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (3%)	0 (0%)	1 (6%)	0 (0%)	3 (5%)	0 (0%)	2 (6%)	0 (0%)	10 (28%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
IVIG	144 (77%)	69 (70%)	36 (81%)	33 (100%)	18 (54%)	13 (76%)	12 (80%)	8 (80%)	41 (70%)	10 (66%)	35 (100%)	21 (100%)	25 (71%)	20 (100%)	15 (93%)	20 (65%)
Steroids	91 (49%)	61 (62%)	42 (95%)	23 (70%)	17 (51%)	15 (92%)	3 (20%)	10 (100%)	37 (64%)	5 (33%)	35 (100%)	10 (48%)	12 (35%)	2 (10%)	4 (25%)	21 (68%)
Antiplatelet	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	29 (87%)	0 (0%)	4 (24%)	2 (13%)	2 (20%)	0 (0%)	11 (73%)	0 (0%)	21 (100%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	15 (93%)	0 (0%)
Anticoagulation	87 (47%)	0 (0%)	40 (90%)	14 (42%)	32 (97%)	11 (64%)	15 (100%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	23 (65%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Biologics	38 (21%)	0 (0%)	8 (18%)	7 (21%)	12 (36%)	0 (0%)	14 (93%)	0 (0%)	11 (19%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	3 (9%)	2 (10%)	2 (12%)	0 (0%)
Outcomes
PICU admission	148 (80%)	79 (80%)	22 (50%)	26 (79%)	33 (100%)	15 (88%)	14 (93%)	5 (50%)	29 (50%)	10 (67%)	25 (69%)	17 (81%)	35 (100%)	20 (100%)	7 (44%)	20 (65%)
Full recovery	182 (98%)	97 (98%)	44 (97%)	24 (73%)	29 (88%)	16 (94%)	13 (88%)	10 (100%)	56 (98%)	12 (80%)	33 (97%)	21 (100%)	25 (71%)	20 (100%)	14 (88%)	30 (97%)
Cardiac sequelae	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	9 (27%)	2 (6%)	1 (6%)	1 (6%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	3 (20%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	19 (29%)	0 (0%)	2 (12%)	0 (0%)
Death	4 (2%)	2 (2%)	1 (2%)	0 (0%)	1 (3%)	0 (0%)	1 (6%)	0 (0%)	1 (2%)	0 (0%)	1 (3%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (3%)

Sw: Switzerland; cTn: Cardiac Troponin; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; IVIG: Intravenous immunoglobulin; PICU: Pediatric intensive care unit.