Mystery behind labial and oral melanotic macules: Clinical, dermoscopic and pathological aspects of Laugier-Hunziker syndrome

Table 3 Various conditions associated with labial or oral pigmentation

	Focal	Diffuse
Exogenous origin	Amalgam tattoo	Tobacco-associated melanin pigmentation
		(smoker’s melanosis)
	Topical medications	Drugs (e.g., antimalarials, tetracyclines, ketoconazole, zidovudine, phenothiazines, oral contraceptives, and chemotherapeutic agents)
	Graphite tattoo (e.g., carbon, lead pencils)	Heavy metals (including bismuth, mercury, silver, lead, gold, arsenic, tin, copper, brass, zinc, cadmium, chrome, and manganese)
Endogenous origin	Melanotic macule	Physiologic (racial) pigmentation
	Melanocytic nevus	Posttraumatic or postinflammatory pigmentation
	Melanoacanthoma	Lichen planus
	Melanoma	Discoid lupus erythematosus
	Hemangioma	LHS
	Lentigo maligna	Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
	Kaposi sarcoma	Addison’s disease
		McCune-Albright syndrome
		Neurofibromatosis type 1 (von Recklinghausen’s disease)
		Carney complex (NAME/LAMB syndrome)
		LEOPARD syndrome (lentiginosis profusa syndrome)
		Cronkhite-Canada syndrome
		Cushing syndrome
		Incontinentia pigmenti syndrome (Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome)
		Acanthosis nigricans
		Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria
		Tuberous sclerosis
		Xeroderma pigmentosum
		Dyskeratosis congenita
		Hemochromatosis
		Fanconi anemia