Unusual presentation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with rectal metastasis

Abstract

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare tumour that mainly metastasizes in lymph nodes, bones, lungs and liver. Colorectal metastases of NPC are extremely rare phenomenon and associated with a poor prognosis. We reported here a case of NPC with rectal metastasis, we discussed the treatment modalities and the prognosis after reviewing the similar cases described in the literature.

Key Words: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Prognosis, Rectal metastasis, Treatment

Core tip: This is a rare case of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with rectal metastasis. After reporting the similar cases in the literature, we discussed the prognosis and the treatment of this rare phenomenon.

INTRODUCTION

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a head and neck cancer starting in the upper part of the throat, behind the nose (nasopharynx). This tumor has different distribution and incidence worldwide with endemic regions: The incidence of NPC is lower than 1/100000 in most countries; however, in the southern part of China (including Hong Kong), its incidence is higher and can reach 15 to 20/100000. Otherwise, the incidence of NPC is higher in males, the sex ratio being 2-3:1[1,2].

Genetic susceptibility, Epstein-Barr chronic virus infection, and environmental factors (e.g., carcinogens and dietary factors) are risk factors associated to NPC[3,4]. NPC is divided into 3 subtypes by the World Health Organisation (WHO): Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma, non-keratinizing carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma[5].

NPC has a tendency to metastasize to cervical lymph nodes, due to the abundant lymphatic network under the nasopharyngeal mucosa. At the time of diagnosis, 60%-85% of patients already have cervical metastasis[6]. The common distant metastasis are bones (65.9%), lungs (26.9%), liver (30.7%) and distant lymph nodes (28.5%). Other rare metastatic sites are described (2.4%) like spleen, kidney, pleura, breast gland, abdominal wall and thyroid gland[7]. The treatment of a non-metastatic patient is based on radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. In metastatic NPC, the treatment is usually chemotherapy.

We report in this paper a rare presentation of NPC metastasizing to the rectum. We review the rare similar cases described in the literature about this association and discuss prognosis and treatment modalities of this unusual clinical presentation.

CASE REPORT

A 65-year-old smoker Caucasian patient presented to our department in July 2015 with stage IVc (T3N3bM1) non keratinizing undifferentiated NPC (WHO type III). The diagnosis was established by computed tomography (CT) requested for the investigation of chronic nasal obstruction and multiple cervical nodes. The tumour measured 7.2 cm in diameter. Multiple lymph nodes were palpable in the supra clavicular fossa. Further investigations with a positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) showed metastatic lesions in bones and lungs. The patient was treated with radiotherapy therapy, because he refused the Cisplatin-5FU chemotherapy regimen and bisphosphonates for his bone metastasis. A post radiotherapy PET-CT showed a moderate metabolic response of the nasopharyngeal tumour and cervical lymph nodes, but also a metabolic progression in the distant metastatic lesions. A close follow-up was advised. A new progression in the adrenal glands, Th10-Th11 epiduritis and peritoneal carcinomatosis were reported after 7 mo. Epiduritis was treated with radiation therapy.

A follow-up PET-CT, after one year of the diagnosis, showed a suspicious lesion in the rectum (Figure 1). Before including the patient into a phase I protocol, it was necessary to document this lesion. The work-up included a colonoscopy revealing a rectal mass, and a biopsy documenting a metastatic lesion from the well-known nasopharyngeal non-keratinizing undifferentiated carcinoma (Figure 2). It was decided to start a palliative chemotherapy but the patient died one month without receiving any treatment.

Figure 1 The positron emission tomography-computed tomography: Left rectal wall nodule (A) and left pararectal nodule (B).

Figure 2 The nasopharyngeal primary and rectal metastasis are positive for CK 5/6 (confirming the epithelial origin) and EBER (confirming Epstein-Barr virus positivity). CDX2 the marker of colorectal origin is negative in the rectal lesion, confirming that it is a metastasis.

DISCUSSION

Rectum and colon metastases of NPC are extremely rare entities. To our knowledge, there are only two similar cases described in the literature: One with rectal metastasis[8] and another with colon metastases[9]. These lesions are usually asymptomatic and diagnosed on complementary imaging tests.

Thus, Two out of three patients were asymptomatic; the only symptomatic patient was reported by Suppiah et al[8] and presented with rectal bleeding and abdominal pain. In the reported cases the patients had multiple other metastases before the diagnosis of the colorectal metastases. In the 3 cases, the patient shortly died after the diagnosis. In the case reported by Lahuri et al[9], the metastasis was interpreted first as rectal adenocarcinoma, leading to a right hemicolectomy. Chemotherapy was planned but the patient died rapidly (Table 1).

Table 1 Three cases of colorectal metastases from nasopharngeal carcinoma.

Ref.	Age (yr)	Sites of metastasis	Other metastasis	Colorectal metastases treatment	Follow-up
Lahuri et al[9] (2015)	61	Ascending colon	Right adrenal gland, supraclavicular lymph nodes, liver, lungs	Right hemicolectomy	Patient died 2 mo later
Suppiah et al[8] (2006)	64	Rectum	Abdominal lymph nodes	None	Patient died 15 d later
The present case	65	Rectum	Lung, adrenal glands, bones, lymph nodes, epiduritis, peritoneal carcinomatosis	None	Patient died 1 mo later

Differentiating between a secondary lesion and another primary in front of a rectal lesion in the context of NPC is essential to guide therapy. The diagnosis cannot be confirmed without a pathological exam including immune-histochemical staining to further characterize the lesion. In case of a confirmed secondary lesion, systemic chemotherapy is indicated, while in case of a rectal primary, a loco-regional treatment is prioritized.

Usually, the treatment for non metastatic NPC at early stages is radiotherapy, including both sides of the neck and retropharyngeal nodes. For locally advanced stages, the treatment guidelines advocate the combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. According to the response, surgery or brachytherapy can be considered as consolidation treatments[10]. In case of a metastatic NPC, the recommended first-line treatment is a platinum-based regimen and, more specifically, 5FU-cisplatin chemotherapy. In second line treatment, another chemotherapy can be proposed; the selection of which depends usually on the first-line treatment[11]. In the new era of checkpoint inhibitors, pembrolizumab, an anti-PD1 agent, showed remarkable results in advanced multitreated NPC with response rates of 26% and disease control rate of 77%[12].

To conclude, the diagnosis of rectal metastases originated of NPC is necessary to orient the treatment modality and to determine the prognosis of the disease.

COMMENTS

Case characteristics

The patient did not present particular symptoms at the diagnosis of rectal metastasis of nasopharngeal carcinoma.

Clinical findings

The clinical examination of the patient was normal.

Differential diagnosis

A rectal primary adenocarcinoma was a possible differential diagnosis.

Laboratory findings

A moderate anemia was the only laboratory test abnormality.

Imaging diagnosis

A follow-up positron emission tomography-computed tomography, after one year of the diagnosis of pharyngeal adenocarcinoma, showed a suspicious lesion in the rectum.

Pathological diagnosis

The work-up included a colonoscopy revealing a rectal mass, and a biopsy documenting a metastatic lesion from the well-known nasopharyngeal non-keratinizing undifferentiated carcinoma.

Treatment

Palliative care was initiated because of the alteration of the performance status of the patient.

Experiences and lessons

It is very important to confirm the pathology of unusual localization of a suspicious lesion in a patient developing cancer to differentiate between a metastasis and a second primary. The prognosis and the treatment of a rectal metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and rectal primary is very different.

Peer-review

The manuscript is of interest and well written.