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Publication Name
World Journal of Clinical Cases
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2307-8960
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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Meta-Analysis
Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026.
World J Clin Cases. Mar 16, 2026; 14(8): 118582
Published online Mar 16, 2026. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v14.i8.118582
Table 3 Summary of outcomes reported by each study, mean ± SD, n (%)
Ref.
SBP (mmHg)
DBP (mmHg)
MAP at different time points, T1, T2, and T3, (mmHg)
Heart rate at time points H1, H2, H3 (beats/minutes)
Airway events
Hallucinations
Control
Intervention
Control
Intervention
Control
Intervention
Control
Intervention
Control
Intervention
Control
Intervention
Ferguson et al[17], 2016NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR34 ± 1227 ± 946 ± 15100 ± 35
Miner et al[22], 2014NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR19 ± 211:1 = 10 ± 12; 4:1 = 25 ± 26NRNR
Ulutas et al[32], 2023t1 = 140.23 ± 2.75, t2 = 143.61 ± 26.40, t3 = 143.79 ± 27.65t1 = 131.06 ± 1.71; t2 = 157.53 ± 2.83 t3 = 156.46 ± 24.37t1 = 83.64 ± 10.86 t2 = 89.47 ± 16.69 t3 = 86.70 ± 16.71t1 = 72.36 ± 9.07; t2 = 92.50 ± 17.67; t3 = 83.96 ± 12.69t1 = 102.51 ± 13.24; t2 = 107.52 ± 16.88; t3 = 105.74 ± 18.07t1 = 91.93 ± 9.52; t2 = 114.18 ± 18.32; t3 = 108.13 ± 14.79h1 = 94.85 ± 15.45; h2 = 97.35 ± 19.66; h3 = 94.91 ± 17.36h1 = 92.53 ± 16.53; h2 = 102.87 ± 19.51; h3 = 105.47 ± 16.60NRNRNRNR
Soliman et al[25], 2017NRNRNRNR85.3 ± 6.985.1 ± 6.6No different time points. 79.9 ± 7.579.0 ± 6.9NRNRNRNR
Kumar et al[26], 2020NRNRNRNRImmediate postinduction = 83.6 ± 11.7, 3 minutes = 70.1 ± 6.8, 1 minute postintubation = 101.4 ± 13.1, 3 minutes = 90.4 ± 14.2, 5 minutes = 85.3 ± 14.7, 10 minutes = 83.5 ± 14.5Immediate postinduction = 90.4 ± 8.8, 3 minutes = 85.2 ± 8.0, 1 minute postintubation = 92.7 ± 7.7, 3 minutes = 89.2 ± 6.5, 5 minutes = 89.2 ± 6.2, 10 minutes = 88.1 ± 6.0Immediate postinduction = 79.2 ± 8.6, 3 minutes = 65.7 ± 5.4, 1 minute postintubation = 103.5 ± 12.4, 3 minutes = 94.1 ± 8.9, 5 minutes = 86.9 ± 9.4, 10 minutes = 81.3 ± 9.9Immediate postinduction = 82.2 ± 11.3, 3 minutes = 80.8 ± 12.4, 1 minute postintubation = 84.8 ± 9.5, 3 minutes = 88.0 ± 15.8, 5 minutes = 84.6 ± 15.4, 10 minutes = 82.2 ± 15.0NRNRNRNR
Andolfatto et al[18], 2012NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR14 ± 105 ± 4NRNR
Tandon et al[24], 2014NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
Khalil et al[35], 2021NRNRNRNRT1 = 115, T2 = 110, T3 = 105, T4 = 100, T5 = 95, T6 = 90T1 = 110; T2 = 105; T3 = 100; T4 = 95; T5 = 90; T6 = 85T1 = 105; T2 = 100; T3 = 95; T4 = 90; T5 = 85; T6 = 80T1 = 85; T2 = 90; T3 = 85; T4 = 80; T5 = 75; T6 = 70NRNRNRNR
Frey et al[23], 1999NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
Cui et al[27], 2023NRNRNRNRt1 = 100; t2 = 100; t3 = 85; t4 = 83; t5 = 80; t6 = 83; t7 = 84; t8 = 83t1 = 100; t2 = 99; t3 = 89; t4 = 85; t5 = 84; t6 = 86; t7 = 89; t8 = 89NRNRNRNR01 ± 1.5
Liu et al[28], 2025NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR2 ± 1.63 ± 2.4
Zheng et al[29], 2023t1 = 124; t2 = 110; t3 = 103; t4 = 140; t5 = 120t1 = 123; t2 = 120; t3 = 120; t4 = 124; t5 = 125t1 = 71; t2 = 65; t3 = 60; t4 = 76; t5 = 69t1 = 70; t2 = 69; t3 = 68; t4 = 70; t5 = 69NRNRt1 = 75; t2 = 70; t3 = 68; t4 = 83; t5 = 75t1 = 75; t2 = 74; t3 = 73; t4 = 77; t5 = 75NRNRNRNR
Fu et al[19], 2024NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
Beyoğlu et al[33], 202084.5 ± 9.985.2 ± 14.448.8 ± 9.152.1 ± 6.9NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
Frizelle et al[21], 1997NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
Bhardwaj et al[30], 2024NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
Schmitz et al[31], 2018NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
Chiaretti et al[20], 2011 NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
Xu et al[43], 20240 minute = 109; 5 minutes = 99; 10 minutes = 100; 15 minutes = 102; 20 minutes = 101; 25 minutes = 104; 30 minutes = 107; 35 minutes = 104; 40 minutes = 102; 45 minutes = 98; 50 minutes = 97; 55 minutes = 97; 60 minutes = 970 minute = 42;
5 minutes = 42; 10 minutes = 42; 15 minutes = 42; 20 minutes = 40; 25 minutes = 40; 30 minutes = 33; 35 minutes = 25; 40 minutes = 19; 45 minutes = 15; 50 minutes = 12; 55 minutes = 11; 60 minutes = 11		0 minute = 66;
5 minutes = 55; 10 minutes = 58; 15 minutes= 62; 20 minutes = 63;
25 minutes = 64; 30 minutes = 62; 35 minutes = 62; 40 minutes = 60; 45 minutes = 58; 50 minutes = 55; 55 minutes = 52; 60 minutes = 43		0 minute = 64;
5 minutes = 56; 10 minutes = 67; 15 minutes = 54; 20 minutes = 66; 25 minutes = 51; 30 minutes = 61; 35 minutes = 61; 40 minutes = 59; 45 minutes = 54; 50 minutes = 50; 55 minutes = 51; 60 minutes = 50		NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; NR: Not reported; SBP: Systolic blood pressure.
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