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Publication Name
World Journal of Clinical Cases
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2307-8960
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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Meta-Analysis
Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026.
World J Clin Cases. Mar 16, 2026; 14(8): 118582
Published online Mar 16, 2026. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v14.i8.118582
Table 1 Summary of baseline characteristics of the included studies, mean ± SD
Ref.Study designSample size (n)
Age in years
Dose (mg/kg)
Number of males, n (%)
SBP, mmHg
DBP, mmHg
Oxygen saturation (%)
Heart rate, bpm
MAP, mmHg
Control
Intervention
Control
Intervention
Control
Intervention
Control
Intervention
Control
Intervention
Control
Intervention
Control
Intervention
Control
Intervention
Control
Intervention
Ferguson et al[17], 2016RCT29228146 ± 23.8450 ± 25.31 mg/kg propofol1:1 ketofol = 0.25 mg/kg propofol and 0.25 mg/kg ketamine145 ± 49138 ± 49NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
Miner et al[22], 2014RCT901:1 ketofol = 85; 4:1 ketofol = 9640 ± 17.051:1 = 39 (17.8); 4:1 = 36 (16)1 mg/kg propofol1:1 ketofol = propofol - 0.5 mg/kg, ketamine - 0.5 mg/kg, 4:1 ketofol = propofol - 0.8 mg/kg, ketamine - 0.2 mg/kg47 ± 521:1= 45 ± 53; 4:1= 51 ± 53127 ± 51.151:1 = 127 ± 17.79; 4:1 = 129 ± 14.83NRNR1001:1 = 100; 4:1 = 100NRNRNRNR
Ulutas et al[32], 2023RCT343053.65 ± 14.5746.27 ± 18.721 mg/kg propofol1:1 ketofol = 0.5 mg/kg ketamine + 0.5 mg/kg propofol25 ± 73.518 ± 60NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
Soliman et al[25], 2017RCT303014.48 ± 1.2614.09 ± 1.32A bolus dose of propofol (1-2 mg/kg) and then a continuous infusion of 50-100 μg/kg/minute1:1 ketofol = 1 mg/kg as a bolus dose and continued an infusion of 25-50 μg/kg/minute16 ± 53.5313 ± 43.33NRNRNRNRNRNR79.9 ± 7.579.0 ± 6.985.3 ± 6.985.1 ± 6.6
Kumar et al[26], 2020RCTNRNRNRNR1.5-2.5 mg/kg propofolIV ketamine 1 mg/kg followed by propofol 1-2 mg/kgNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR84.7 ± 11.981.1 ± 9.795.6 ± 11.894.6 ± 9.1
Andolfatto et al[18], 2012RCT14214254 ± 24.4748 ± 30.390.75 mg/kg of propofol1:1 ketofol = 0.188 mg/ kg each of ketamine and propofol69 ± 4971 ± 50NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
Tandon et al[24], 2014RCT13513547 ± 1349 ± 12PropofolKetamine and propofol104 ± 77.03100 ± 74.04NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
Khalil et al[35], 2021RCT535326.49 ± 3.0627.68 ± 3.67Propofol (2 mg/kg)Propofol (1 mg/kg) plus ketamine (0.5 mg/kg)NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
Frey et al[23], 1999RCT3333NRNRPropofol3.3:1 ketofolNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
Cui et al[27], 2023RCT676865.6 ± 10.262.9 ± 9.6PropofolEsketamine and propofol42 ± 62.734 ± 50NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
Liu et al[28], 2025RCT12612665 ± 10.3864.5 ± 11.121 mg/kg propofol1 mg/kg propofol and 0.2 mg/kg esketamine61 ± 48.469 ± 54.8NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
Zheng et al[29], 2023RCT525241.1 ± 7.942.2 ± 9.32 mg/kg propofol2 mg/kg propofol and 0.25 mg/kg esketamine34 ± 65.3832 ± 61.53NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
Fu et al[19], 2024RCT2525 for all ratios of esketofol54.4 ± 2.75:1 esketofol = 49.88 ± 2.6; 3.3:1 esketofol = 48.9 ± 2.4; esketofol = 1.5:1 = 48.5 ± 3.02 mg/kg propofol5:1 = propofol 1 mg/kg with esketamine; 0.2 mg/kg; 3.3:1 = propofol 1 mg/kg with esketamine 3 mg/kg; 1.5:1 = propofol 1 mg/kg with esketamine 0.4 mg/kg10 ± 405:1 = 11 ± 27.5; 3.3:1 = 12 ± 48; 1.5:1 = 16 ± 64129.12 ± 21.585:1 = 127.04 ± 23.43; 3.3:1 = 126.0 ± 19.36; 1.5:1 = 120.84 ± 20.11 78.52 ± 16.355:1 = 78.76 ± 13.58; 3.3:1 = 78.12 ± 13.41; 1.5:1 = 75.56 ± 17.6499.76 ± 0.525:1 = 99.56 ± 1.04; 3.3:1 = 99.44 ± 1.08; 1.5:1 = 99.56 ± 1.50NRNR95.00 ± 17.065:1 = 92.16 ± 14.14; 3.3:1 = 92.96 ± 14.12; 1.5:1 = 89.12 ± 17.28
Beyoğlu et al[33], 2020RCT41343.23 ± 1.623.33 ± 1.771 mg/kg propofolKetofol19 ± 46.3421 ± 61.76NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
Frizelle et al[21], 1997RCT202059 ± 1355 ± 17Bolus of 0.5 mg/kg propofol, followed by continuous infusion of 1.5 mg/kg/hourInitial bolus of 0.4 mg/kg propofol and 0.1 mg/kg ketamine followed by continuous infusion of 1.2 mg/kg/hour propofol and 0.3 mg/kg/hour ketamine16 ± 8016 ± 80NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
Bhardwaj et al[30], 2024RCT292924 ± 13.3430 ± 22.24Propofol 0.5 mg/kg bolus1 mg/kg of ketamine and 0.5 mg/kg propofol19 ± 65.5117 ± 58.6NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
Schmitz et al[31], 2018RCT1671693.67 ± 3.263.91 ± 3.111 mg/kg propofolPropofol 0.5 mg/kg and ketamine 1 mg/kg89 ± 53.386 ± 52.4NRNRNRNR98 ± 0.7498 ± 1.48NRNRNRNR
Chiaretti et al[20], 2011RCT62597.3 ± 5.26.9 ± 5.42 mg/kg propofol2 mg/kg propofol and 0.5 mg/kg ketamine32 ± 5127 ± 44NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
Xu et al[43], 2024RCT42424.1 ± 1.44.2 ± 1.110 mg/mL propofol10:1 esketofol (propofol and esketamine)17 ± 40.4711 ± 26.19108 ± 13105 ± 11NRNRNRNR105 ± 16102 ± 1666 ± 1263 ± 12
bpm: Beats per minute; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; NR: Not reported; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; SD: Standard deviation.
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