Correlation between esmolol usage in the acute phase of ischemic stroke and outcomes of patients undergoing intravenous thrombolysis

Table 4 Clinical characteristics of the esmolol-untreated (n = 48) and esmolol-treated (n = 4) subgroups among patients without hypertension (n = 52) and the safety and efficacy assessments of esmolol, n (%)/median (range)

Characteristic	NEsG	EsG	P value
Sex
Female	14 (29.2)	2 (50)	0.6
Male	34 (70.8)	2 (50)
Age, years	61.5 (30-83)	59 (43-73)	0.75
Time-window, minutes	145 (55-250)	157.5 (110-170)	1
NIHSS (admission)	8.5 (3-22)	9.5 (3-23)	0.93
Diabetes mellitus
No	44 (91.7)	4 (100)	1
Yes	4 (8.3)	0 (0)
Smoking habit
No	37 (77.1)	3 (75)	1
Yes	11 (22.9)	1 (25)
Hyperlipidemia
No	37 (77.1)	4 (100)	0.57
Yes	11 (22.9)	0 (0)
Vascular disease
No	38 (79.2)	4 (100)	0.58
Yes	10 (20.8)	0 (0)
Former ischemic stroke
No	42 (87.5)	4 (100)	1
Yes	6 (12.5)	0 (0)
Length of stay, days	2 (1-36)	26 (2-39)	0.03
Advanced critical/neurocritical care
No	45 (93.8)	1 (25)	0.003
Yes	3 (6.2)	3 (75)
Primary adverse event
No	47 (97.9)	2 (50)	0.013
Yes	1 (2.1)	2 (50)
Death at 3 months
No	45 (93.8)	3 (75)	0.28
Yes	3 (6.2)	1 (25)
Functional outcome (3 months - mRS)	1 (0-6)	5 (0-6)	0.019
Favourable (mRS ≤ 2)	36 (75)	1 (25)	0.07
Unfavourable (mRS > 2)	12 (25)	3 (75)

NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; mRS: Modified Rankin Scale; NEsG: Esmolol-untreated; EsG: Esmolol-treated.