Correlation between esmolol usage in the acute phase of ischemic stroke and outcomes of patients undergoing intravenous thrombolysis

Table 2 Clinical characteristics of the esmolol-untreated (n = 123) and esmolol-treated (n = 26) groups and the safety and efficacy assessments of esmolol, n (%)/median (range)

Characteristic	NEG	EG	P value
Sex
Female	42 (34.1)	8 (30.8)	0.74
Male	81 (65.9)	18 (69.2)
Age, years	69 (30-88)	69 (42-88)	0.9
Time-window, minutes	145 (45-250)	150 (75-270)	0.9
NIHSS (admission)	11 (2-28)	11 (3-23)	0.7
Diabetes mellitus
No	96 (78)	21 (80.8)	0.76
Yes	27 (22)	5 (19.2)
Arrythmia - AF
No	87 (70.7)	8 (30.8)	< 0.001
Yes	36 (29.3)	18 (69.2)
Hypertension
No	48 (39)	4 (15.4)	0.022
Yes	75 (61)	22 (84.6)
Smoking habit
No	95 (77.2)	19 (73.1)	0.65
Yes	28 (22.8)	7 (26.9)
Hyperlipidemia
No	92 (74.8)	20 (76.9)	0.82
Yes	31 (25.2)	6 (23.1)
Vascular disease
No	96 (78)	20 (76.9)	0.9
Yes	27 (22)	6 (23.1)
Former ischemic stroke
No	106 (86.2)	21 (80.8)	0.54
Yes	17 (13.8)	5 (19.2)
Length of stay, days	3 (1-52)	5 (1-52)	0.001
Advanced critical/neurocritical care
No	114 (92.7)	18 (69.2)	0.003
Yes	9 (7.3)	8 (30.8)
Primary adverse event
No	119 (96.7)	23 (88.5)	0.1
Yes	4 (3.3)	3 (11.5)
Death at 3 months
No	110 (89.4)	20 (76.9)	0.1
Yes	13 (10.6)	6 (23.1)
Functional outcome (3 months - mRS)	1 (0-6)	3.5 (0-6)	0.023
Favourable (mRS ≤ 2)	86 (69.9)	11 (42.3)	0.007
Unfavourable (mRS > 2)	37 (30.1)	15 (57.7)

NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; AF: Atrial fibrillation; mRS: Modified Rankin Scale; NEG: Esmolol-untreated; EG: Esmolol-treated.