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Systematic Reviews
©Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2026.
World J Clin Cases. Mar 6, 2026; 14(7): 118719
Published online Mar 6, 2026. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v14.i7.118719
Table 2 Quality assessment of observational studies using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale
Ref.
Study design
Selection
Comparability
Outcome
Total
Smith et al[16], 2014Sequential prospective cohort4239
Okumura et al[17], 2022Prospective cohort4138
Cheu et al[18], 1988Retrospective cohort3036
Ji et al[7], 2025Not applicable (non-comparative/mechanistic)Not applicableNot applicableNot applicableNot applicable
Hopkins et al[19], 2011Case report (2 cases)Not applicableNot applicableNot applicableNot applicable


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