Butterfly effect of oral frailty and sensory blurring: A complex systems framework for hip fracture vulnerability

Figure 2 Comparison between traditional linear hip fracture prevention and the proposed complex systems multi-domain intervention program. A: Traditional linear paradigm: Focuses solely on local bone mineral density and fall avoidance; B: Proposed complex systems paradigm: Implements simultaneous, multi-node interventions across oral rehabilitation, neuro-sensory balance training, nutritional optimization, and social engagement to restore overall systemic resilience and disrupt cascading risk loops. CVD: Cardiovascular disease.