Dickkopf-1 in rheumatoid arthritis: Mechanistic insights, imaging associations, and emerging therapeutic strategies

Table 1 Correlations between serum dickkopf-1 and indices of disease activity, inflammation, and autoimmunity in rheumatoid arthritis

Parameter	Correlation finding	Ref.
DKK-1 vs DAS-28	r = 0.960 (very strong positive)	Ali et al[9], Juarez et al[54], Fang et al[55]
DKK-1 vs DAS-28 (Spearman)	rho = 0.75	Abdulaziz et al[56], Coras et al[57]
DKK-1 vs CRP	r = 0.640 (significant positive)	Santos et al[11], Sadek et al[42], Coras et al[57]
DKK-1 vs ESR	r = 0.498 (significant positive)	Santos et al[11], Sadek et al[42], Coras et al[57]
DKK-1 vs RF	r = 0.473 (significant positive)	Ali et al[9], Santos et al[11]
DKK-1 vs Anti-CRP antibodies	r = 0.478 (significant positive)	Ali et al[9], Santos et al[11]
DKK-1 vs RA	r = 0.876 (very strong positive)	Santos et al[11]
DKK-1 vs steinbrocker functional grade	Higher levels in class III (4689-8092 pg/mL)	Ma et al[8], Ali et al[9], Sadek et al[42], Juarez et al[54]
Diagnostic cut-off	2726.97 pg/mL; sensitivity of 98.18%, specificity of 100% for active RA by DAS-28	Procaccia et al[58], Bagherzadeh-Fard et al[59], McWilliams et al[60], Pertsinidou et al[61]

DAS-28: Disease activity score 28; CRP: C-reactive protein; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; RA: Rheumatoid arthritis; RF: Rheumatoid factor.