Twenty-first century innovations in neuroradiology treatments

Table 3 Minimally invasive spine interventions

Feature	Epidural steroid injection	Percutaneous discectomy	Spinal ablation (adjunct)
Mechanism	Corticosteroid injection into epidural space to reduce inflammation	Removal of herniated disc material using image-guided instruments	Ablation of sinuvertebral nerve
Technique	C-arm fluoroscopy; transforaminal approach	Image-guided; endoscopic visualization	Performed in combination with discectomy
Anesthesia	Not specified	No general anesthesia required	Not specified
Clinical outcomes	Improvement in PROMIS pain interference scores at 3, 6, and 12 months	Reduced blood loss, shorter hospitalization, smaller incisions, lower inflammatory markers vs open discectomy	Lower pain and disability scores when combined with discectomy vs discectomy alone
Additional notes	Used in patients with cervical radicular pain refractory to conservative therapy	Compared with open discectomy	Adjunctive therapy

PROMIS: Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System.