Pseudo-pulseless electrical activity: A distinct hemodynamic state in cardiac arrest and its implications for resuscitation

Figure 2 Mechanistic framework of pseudo-pulseless electrical activity as a low-flow state. Schematic linking ultrasound phenotypes to dominant physiological mechanisms, including preload limitation, vasodilatory collapse, mechanical obstruction, and pump failure, and their impact on coronary perfusion pressure and forward flow. CPP: Coronary perfusion pressure; MI: Myocardial infarction; PE: Pulmonary embolism; PEA: Pulseless electrical activity.