Artificial intelligence in orthopaedics: Clinical decision support, medical imaging, surgical planning, and outcome prediction

Figure 3 Artificial intelligence-driven clinical decision support framework in orthopaedics. Patient clinical inputs and multimodal data are integrated and processed using artificial intelligence techniques, including machine learning and deep learning, to support diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment planning, ultimately improving clinical accuracy, efficiency, safety, and personalised patient care. NLP: Natural language processing.