Artificial intelligence in orthopaedics: Clinical decision support, medical imaging, surgical planning, and outcome prediction

Table 1 Core artificial intelligence techniques and their orthopaedic clinical applications

AI technique	Description	Orthopaedic application
Machine learning	Algorithms that learn patterns from structured data	Outcome prediction, complication risk analysis
Deep learning	Multilayer neural networks analysing complex datasets	Fracture detection, tumour classification
Computer vision	Automated interpretation of medical images	Imaging diagnosis, surgical navigation
Radiomics	Quantitative extraction of imaging features	Tumour grading, infection differentiation
Natural language processing	Analysis of unstructured clinical text	EMR analysis, research data extraction
Predictive analytics	Statistical modelling for outcome estimation	Implant survivorship prediction
Multimodal AI	Integration of heterogeneous datasets	Precision orthopaedic decision-making
Explainable AI	Transparent model reasoning systems	Clinical trust and regulatory validation

AI: Artificial intelligence; EMR: Electronic medical record.