Chronic musculoskeletal pain disorder and its associated mental health conditions, comorbidities and psychosocial risk predictors

Table 2 Results of psychiatric evaluation, n (%)/range/mean ± SD

Psychiatric manifestations	Patients (n = 160)
Comorbid psychiatric disorders
Non-specific anxiety disorder	70 (43.75)
Major depression	60 (37.5)
Family history of primary chronic pain
Family history of psychiatric disorders	30 (18.75)
DASS-21
Depression
Mild (score: 10-13)	45 (28.13)
Moderate (score: 14-20)	40 (25)
Severe (score: 21-27)	55 (34.48)
Extremely severe (score: 28+)	20 (12.5)
Score	26.35 ± 2.40
Anxiety
Mild (score: 8-9)	20 (12.5)
Moderate (score: 10-14)	40 (25)
Severe (score: 15-19)	50 (31.25)
Extremely severe (score: 20+)	35 (21.88)
Score	16.83 ± 2.56
Stress
Mild (score: 15-18)	22 (13.75)
Moderate (score: 19-25)	55 (34.38)
Severe (score: 26-33)	60 (37.5)
Extremely severe (score: 34+)	23 (14.38)
Score	36.50 ± 2.83
ISI score	24.53 ± 2.60
Type of insomnia according to ISI
Sub-threshold insomnia	20 (12.5)
Moderately severe clinical insomnia	65 (40.63)
Severe clinical insomnia	75 (46.88)
Non-clinically significant insomnia	20 (12.5)
Clinically significant insomnia	140 (87.5)
Severity of fatigue
Mild-to-moderate (22-34)	30 (18.57)
Maladaptive copying
Self-blame	104 (65)
Behavioral disengagement	64 (40)
Self-distraction or mental disengagement	64 (40)
Denial	30 (18.75)
Substance use	20 (12.5)
Substance abuse1	20 (66.67)
Adaptive copying
Religion	72 (45)
Positive reframing	30 (18.75)
Active coping	30 (18.75)
Emotional support	24 (15)
Venting	24 (15)
WHOQOL-BREF
Physical	20-60 (32.45 ± 12.64)
Psychological	20-60 (38.32 ± 10.46)
Social domains	10-40 (18.20 ± 6.20)
Environmental domains	40-75 (60.42 ± 10.26)

¹Percentages was calculated from male participants.

WHOQOL: World Health Organization quality of life; ISI: Insomnia Severity Index; DASS-21: Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale.