Long-term outcomes of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Natural history of untreated, braced, surgically treated patients in adult life

Table 3 Long-term outcomes of surgical treatment in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Ref.	Type of study	Sample size and follow-up	Curve range (°)	Outcomes	Key findings
Danielsson et al[43], 2001	Matched follow-up study	22 years	> 45°	HRQoL, function, radiographs	Surgical group: Similar HRQoL as controls; good cosmetic outcomes
Danielsson[25], 2007	Retrospective cohort	16 years	> 45°	Curve stability, function	Long-term curve stability and patient satisfaction
Danielsson et al[6], 2010	Comparative retrospective cohort	22 years	> 45°	HRQoL, self-image	Surgery improved self-image over bracing
Danielsson and Hallerman[30], 2015	Long-term case series	Long-term	Early-onset > 50°	QoL	Surgical correction preserved function and self-perception
Zhu et al[9], 2017	Matched cohort study	160 patients	> 50°	Radiographic + functional outcomes	Early AIS surgery had better biomechanical and safety outcomes
Larson et al[55], 2019	Prospective cohort	≥ 20 years	> 50°	HRQoL, surgical durability	High satisfaction, stable correction maintained
Reames et al[51], 2011	Multicenter database review	19360 surgeries	Mixed AIS	Complication rates	5%-10% complication rate; serious complications < 1%
Roberts and Tsirikos[56], 2022	Surgical review	Not reported	Mixed AIS	Complication management	Management strategies for surgical complications
Weinstein et al[7], 2013	Randomised controlled trial cohort (BrAIST surgical arm)	Mean 2 years	> 50°	Cobb progression, SRS-22	Early surgery prevented severe progression; high satisfaction
Dolan and Weinstein[3], 2007	Narrative review	> 20 years	> 50°	Surgical rates, satisfaction	Long-term benefit in curve stabilization; patient satisfaction
Trobisch et al[57], 2010	Review	Not reported	> 50°	Summary of surgical outcomes	Modern surgery shows reliable correction and low morbidity
Pishnamaz et al[33], 2024	Literature review	20-30 years	> 50°	Meta-analysis of surgical results	Long-term surgery: Stable curves and improved QoL
Weiss et al[15], 2003	Review	Not reported	Mixed	Mortality, morbidity	AIS alone not associated with increased mortality
Westrick and Ward[58], 2011	Systematic review	5-20 years follow-up	> 50°	Evidence-based surgical results	Surgery provides reliable long-term results in AIS
Tsirikos and García-Martínez[60], 2023	Cross-sectional long-term follow-up study	265 patients; mean follow-up 10-25 years (≥ 10 years)	Mixed pediatric deformities including AIS	HRQoL (SRS-22, Short-Form 36), pain, general health	Sustained improvements in HRQoL and pain comparable to general population. Postoperative scores were similar to those of age-matched controls, including the AIS subgroup

HRQoL: Health-related quality of life; QoL: Quality of life; AIS: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis; SRS: Scoliosis Research Society; BrAIST: Bracing in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Trial.