Association of glycated hemoglobin levels with 3-year mortality in hospitalized older adults with diabetes: The role of frailty

doi:10.12998/wjcc.v14.i14.120574

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World Journal of Clinical Cases

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2307-8960

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World J Clin Cases. May 16, 2026; 14(14): 120574
Published online May 16, 2026. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v14.i14.120574

Table 1 Baseline demographics, comorbidities, and laboratory findings stratified by glycated hemoglobin levels in older patients with diabetes mellitus, n (%)

Variables	Total population (n = 430)	HbA1c < 6.5% (n = 246)	HbA1c 6.5%-8.0% (n = 137)	HbA1c > 8.0% (n = 47)	P value
Demographics
Female sex	240 (55.8)	145 (58.9)	72 (52.6)	23 (48.9)	0.291
Age, years	81.5 ± 7.3	82.5 [76.8-87.0]	82.0 [75.5-87.5]	82.0 [78.0-86.0]	0.870
BMI, kg/m²	25.6 [23.4-28.0]	25.7 [23.5-28.0]	25.5 [23.4-28.0]	25.7 [23.5-28.7]	0.929
Functional status
Median Katz index					0.05
Katz Index - no limitation	156 (36.4)	87 (35.5)	59 (43.1)	10 (21.3)
Katz Index - mild limitation	78 (18.2)	50 (20.4)	20 (14.6)	8 (17.0)
Katz Index - severe limitation	196 (45.5)	109 (44.1)	58 (42.3)	29 (61.7)
CFS
Median CFS					0.003
CFS 1-3 (fit-managing well)	145 (33.7)	76 (30.9)	60 (43.8)	9 (19.1)
CFS 4-5 (vulnerable-mildly frail)	84 (19.5)	57 (23.2)	20 (14.6)	7 (14.9)
CFS ≥ 6 (moderate-severe frailty)	201 (46.7)	113 (45.9)	57 (41.6)	31 (66.0)
CCI
Median CCI					0.193
CCI 1-3	7 (1.6)	4 (1.6)	3 (2.2)	0 (0.0)
CCI 4-5	132 (30.7)	80 (32.5)	44 (32.1)	8 (17.0)
CCI ≥ 6	291 (67.7)	162 (65.9)	90 (65.7)	39 (83.0)
Diabetes-related variables
Diabetes duration, years	13 [11-16]	13 [11-16]	13 [10-16.5]	12 [10-16]	0.735
HbA1c, % [IQR]	6.1 [5.5-7.1]	5.5 [5.1-6.0]	7.1 [6.9-7.45]	9.0 [8.8-9.8]	< 0.001
Number of drugs	8.4 ± 3.2	8.0 [6.0-10.0]	8.0 [6.0-10.0]	9.0 [7.0-11.0]	0.314
Living status/care needs
Nursing home resident	33 (7.7)	19 (7.7)	9 (6.6)	5 (10.6)	0.664
Urinary catheter	49 (11.4)	31 (12.6)	13 (9.5)	5 (10.6)	0.646
Bed-ridden patient	186 (43.3)	104 (42.3)	53 (38.7)	29 (61.7)	0.020
Outcomes
In-hospital mortality	62 (14.4)	34 (13.8)	17 (12.4)	11 (23.4)	0.166
Readmission within 3 years	228 (62.0)	137 (64.6)	64 (53.3)	27 (75.0)	0.029
3-year mortality	202 (54.9)	128 (63.4)	54 (26.7)	20 (55.6)	0.026
3-year mortality by sex
Male	85 (23.1)	53 (58.2)	22 (39.3)	10 (55.6)	0.249
Female	117 (31.8)	75 (62.0)	32 (50.0)	10 ( 55.6)	0.249

BMI: Body mass index; CFS: Clinical Frailty Scale; CCI: Charslon Comorbidity Index; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; IQR: Interquartile range.

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Citation: Papakitsou I, Papazachariou A, Filippatos TD. Association of glycated hemoglobin levels with 3-year mortality in hospitalized older adults with diabetes: The role of frailty. World J Clin Cases 2026; 14(14): 120574
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v14/i14/120574.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v14.i14.120574

Papakitsou I, Papazachariou A, Filippatos TD. Association of glycated hemoglobin levels with 3-year mortality in hospitalized older adults with diabetes: The role of frailty. World J Clin Cases 2026; 14(14): 120574 [DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v14.i14.120574]

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