Efficacy and safety of regional blocks and multimodal analgesia in psychiatric patients at risk of opioid misuse: A systematic review

Table 1 Characteristics of randomized controlled trials

Ref.	Design	Population	Sample size	Intervention	Primary outcome	Follow-up
Ibrahim et al[11], 2022	RCT	Sleeve gastrectomy	60	Opioid-free + regional blocks	Quality of recovery	24 hours
Accurso et al[12], 2025	RCT	Laparoscopic abdominal	120	Opioid-free + regional blocks	Pain scores, opioid consumption	48 hours
Geng et al[14], 2021	RCT	Gynecological surgery	90	Multimodal analgesia + ERAS	Quality of recovery	24 hours
Wang et al[15], 2025	RCT	Major abdominal surgery	200	Esketamine + dexmedetomidine	Opioid consumption	72 hours
Yurttas et al[16], 2023	RCT	Bariatric surgery	80	Systemic lidocaine	Opioid consumption	48 hours
Sakata et al[17], 2020	RCT	Bariatric surgery	62	Intravenous lidocaine	Opioid consumption, discharge criteria	24 hours
Tsaousi et al[13], 2020	RCT	Lumbar laminectomy	74	Magnesium sulfate multimodal	Pain scores, opioid consumption	48 hours
de Dios et al[19], 2023	RCT	Trauma surgery	150	Multimodal pain regimen	Opioid exposure, pain scores	30 days
Sullivan et al[20], 2024	RCT	Post-trauma	88	Collaborative opioid taper	Opioid reduction, functional outcomes	6 months

RCT: Randomized controlled trial; ERAS: Enhanced recovery after surgery.