Beyond survival: Pain as the main determinant of long-term quality of life after thoracic trauma surgery

Table 1 Univariable analysis of predictors of EuroQol 5-Dimension 3-Level Questionnaire score

Variable	β coefficient (estimate)	SE	95%CI	P value
Age (per year)	-0.006	0.003	-0.012 to 0.000	0.072
Sex (male vs female)	-0.105	0.120	-0.348 to 0.138	0.380
Number of comorbidities	-0.095	0.060	-0.216 to 0.026	0.118
Pain score (NRS)	-0.082	0.032	-0.147 to -0.017	0.015
Exertional dyspnea (yes vs no)	-0.045	0.140	-0.326 to 0.236	0.745
Total hospital stay (days)	-0.002	0.002	-0.006 to 0.002	0.288
ICU stay (days)	-0.003	0.004	-0.011 to 0.005	0.430

NRS: Numerical Rating Scale; ICU: Intensive care unit.