Rethinking p16, p53, and HPV in HNCSCC through lessons from glioblastoma subclonal evolution toward patient-centric N-of-1 single-cell RNA sequencing paradigm

Figure 2 An illustration depicting Caucasian and African American individuals with a graphical representation of head and neck cancer biomarkers, survival markers, and associated prognosis. The table compares survival rates, hazard ratios, and P values for head and neck cancer patients based on biomarker status and race (Caucasian American vs African American). Specifically, p16+ (better prognosis): P16+ is generally associated with better prognosis, but survival disparities exist between races. p16- (worse prognosis): P16 is linked to significantly worse survival rates, especially among Caucasian patients. Human papillomavirus (HPV) 16+ (better prognosis): HPV16+ is associated with improved survival, though the effect varies between racial groups. HPV16- (worse prognosis): HPV16 results in significantly worse survival outcomes, particularly for Caucasian patients. HPV: Human papillomavirus; CA: Caucasian American; AA: African American; HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval; N/A: Not applicable.