Body mass index and its association with clinical outcomes in acute liver failure

Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with acute liver failure by outcome, n (%)

Baseline characteristics	Overall (n = 196)	Spontaneous and transplant-free survival (n = 94)	Liver transplantation or death (n = 102)	P value
Age (years), median (IQR)	43.5 (30-56.5)	40.5 (30-53)	46.5 (31-59)	0.05
Sex, female	124 (63.3)	62 (66.0)	62 (60.8)	0.45
Ethnicity, non-Hispanic	189 (96.4)	91 (96.8)	98 (96.1)	1.00
Race
White	117 (59.7)	54 (57.4)	63 (61.8)	0.20
African American	59 (30.1)	32 (34)	27 (26.5)
Asian	7 (3.6)	1 (1.1)	6 (5.9)
Type of insurance
Medicaid	4 (2)	4 (4.3)	0 (0)	0.27
Medicare	26 (13.3)	12 (12.8)	14 (13.7)
Private	81 (41.3)	36 (38.3)	45 (44.1)
Uninsured	34 (17.3)	15 (16)	19 (18.6)
Unknown	51 (26)	27 (28.7)	24 (23.5)
Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD)	28.19 (7.78)	26.59 (7.53)	29.64 (7.75)	0.008
Charlson comorbidity score
0	32 (16.3)	20 (21.3)	12 (11.8)	0.07
1–3	122 (62.2)	59 (62.8)	63 (61.8)
> 3	42 (21.4)	15 (16)	27 (26.5)
Etiology of acute liver failure
Viral hepatitis	17 (8.7)	9 (9.6)	8 (7.8)	< 0.001
Acetaminophen toxicity	89 (45.4)	53 (56.4)	36 (35.3)
Drug-related hepatitis	21 (10.7)	13 (13.8)	8 (7.8)
Other	69 (35.2)	19 (20.2)	50 (49)
Symptom at the time of admission
Jaundice	55 (28.1)	22 (23.4)	33 (32.4)	0.043
Hepatomegaly	2 (1)	2 (2.1)	0 (0)
Nausea/vomiting	14 (7.1)	8 (8.5)	6 (5.9)
Ascites	7 (3.6)	1 (1.1)	6 (5.9)
Abdominal pain	53 (27)	31 (33)	22 (21.6)
Fever	8 (4.1)	2 (2.1)	6 (5.9)
Diarrhea	3 (1.5)	2 (2.1)	1 (1)
GI bleed	2 (1)	1 (1.1)	1 (1)
None	26 (13.3)	15 (16)	11 (10.8)
Grade of hepatic encephalopathy
I-II	84 (42.9)	59 (62.8)	25 (24.5)	< 0.001
III-IV	112 (57.1)	35 (37.2)	77 (75.5)
Vital signs, median (IQR)
Pulse	96.5 (81-112)	96 (78-110)	98 (84-114)	0.41
Respiratory rate	21 (17-26)	20 (17-24)	21 (16.5-27)	0.32
Mean arterial pressure	82 (70-97)	84.5 (73.5-100)	80 (69-96)	0.14
Temperature	36.9 (36.4-37.4)	36.8 (36.4-37.3)	37 (36.4-37.6)	0.23
CT abdomen
Presence of fatty liver	32 (16.3)	15 (16)	17 (16.7)	0.89
CT/magnetic resonance imaging of the brain
Presence of cerebral/brain edema	84 (42.9)	27 (28.7)	57 (55.9)	< 0.001
Alpha-fetoprotein (ng/mL)	3.75 (2-8.25)	5 (2.3-9)	3 (0.9-6)	0.03
Lactate (mmol/L)	2.8 (1.9-5.4)	2.1 (1.3-3.1)	4.6 (2.4-10.3)	< 0.001
Phosphate (mg/dL)	3.2 (2.3-5.6)	2.7 (2-3.8)	4.2 (2.7-6.5)	< 0.001
Organ support
Vasopressors	21 (17.2)	11 (28.9)	10 (11.9)	0.001
Renal replacement therapy	13 (10.7)	7 (18.4)	6 (7.1)
Mechanical ventilation	32 (16.6)	8 (8.8)	24 (23.5)
Blood products
Platelets	17 (20)	5 (19)	12 (21)	0.14
Fresh frozen plasma	38 (46)	9 (33)	29 (52)
Packed red blood cells	28 (34)	13 (48)	15 (27)
Prognostic scores, median (IQR)
KCC (acetaminophen)	0 (0-2)	0 (0-1)	1.5 (0-2)	< 0.001
KCC (non-acetaminophen)	2 (1-2)	2 (1-2)	2 (1-2)	0.84
MELD	28 (21-36.5)	23.5 (19.00-29)	33.5 (25-39)	< 0.001
MELD-Na	29 (22-37.5)	25 (21.00-30)	33.5 (26-39)	< 0.001
Admission to death, days, median (IQR)	10 (3-241)	20 (2-649)	9.00 (4-34)	0.79

CT: Computed tomography; IQR: Interquartile range; KCC: King's college criteria; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease.