Granulicatella infections: Comprehensive review of an elusive opportunistic pathogen

Table 7 Implant infections

Ref.	Year	Country	Patient(s)	Sex	Age, years	Granulicatella species	Diagnosis	Intervention	Outcomes/prognosis
Jones et al[11]	2018	Georgia	1	Male	70	G. adiacens	Prosthetic valve IE	Initially, piperacillin/tazobactam 3.375 g IV every 6 hours, levofloxacin 500 mg IV every 24 hours. Then modified to vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV every 12 hours, ampicillin 2 g IV every 4 hours. Finally, vancomycin continued and ceftriaxone 2 g IV every 12 hours (substituted for ampicillin)	Good prognosis
del Pozo et al[101]	2008	Spain	1	Female	32	G. adiacens	Bilateral breast implant associated infection	Initially, clindamycin and levofloxacin; later switched to a combination of rifampin and amoxicillin for 4 months after relapse	Good prognosis
Warren et al[47]	2023	United States	1	Female	74	G. adiacens	Recurrent IE of a bioprosthetic aortic valve	Initial treatment with intravenous ceftriaxone for six weeks; later re-operative aortic valve repair with modified nicks root enlargement; subsequent treatment with intravenous gentamicin and vancomycin for six weeks	Good prognosis
Aweid et al[107]	2016	United Kingdom	1	Male	81	G. adiacens	Prosthetic hip joint infection following dental treatment	Surgical washout and debridement, followed by a combination of antibiotics (including benzylpenicillin, flucloxacillin, vancomycin, and others)	Mortality due to community acquired pneumonia
Badrick et al[102]	2021	Australia	1	Male	79	G. adiacens	Prosthetic hip infection following dental treatment	Two-stage revision total hip arthroplasty with antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer and six weeks of intravenous benzyl penicillin	Good prognosis
Pingili et al[108]	2017	United States	1	Male	64	G. adiacens	Prosthetic knee infection following dental treatment	Resection of the infected knee arthroplasty, placement of antibiotic cement spacer, and IV ertapenem for 6 weeks; followed by revision total knee arthroplasty	Good prognosis
Riede et al[109]	2004	Switzerland	1	Male	43	G. adiacens	Prosthetic knee associated infection	Implantation of gentamicin loaded cement spacer with IV amoxicillin and amikacin, reimplantation surgery of knee with IV amoxicillin, amikacin and oral rifampin contineud	Good prognosis
Quiroga et al[23]	2012	Spain	1	Male	86	G. adiacens	IE with associated glomerulopathy	IV daptomycin (10 mg/kg/48 hours), later switched to ceftriaxone; tooth extraction; no surgical intervention due to age and comorbidities	God prognosis
Plate et al[112]	2018	Switzerland	1	Male	60	G. adiacens	Aortic endograft infection	Combination therapy clarithromycin, rifabutin, ethambutol and amikacin. Later, amikacin replaced by moxifloxacin	Good prognosis
Sendi et al[42]	2019	Switzerland	1	Female	32	G. adiacens	Cardiac implantable electronic devices-related infection and bioprosthesis endocarditis	Conservative treatment with penicillin G and gentamicin for 2 weeks, followed by ceftriaxone for 4 weeks, and oral amoxicillin for 6 weeks (total 12 weeks of therapy); no device removal or surgical intervention	Good prognosis
Mougari et al[110]	2016	France	1	Male	55	G. adiacens	Prosthetic knee arthritis following dental treatment	Two-step surgery involving prosthesis removal, synovectomy, and curettage; placement of a spacer; antimicrobial therapy with amoxicillin and rifampicin for three months; reimplantation of a total knee prosthesis	Good prognosis
Narayana Murthy et al[111]	2021	United Kingdom	1	Male	65	G. adiacens	Prosthetic knee joint infection following acupuncture treatment	Initial treatment with IV vancomycin, followed by six weeks of IV clindamycin (450 mg four times daily); additional open debridement surgery to reduce bacterial load	Good prognosis
Jeng et al[44]	2005	United States	1	Male	18	G. adiacens	Prosthetic valve IE	Vancomycin, gentamicin and rifampin for 6 weeks.	Good prognosis

G. adiacens: Granulicatella adiacens; IE: Infective endocarditis; IV: Intravenous.