Granulicatella infections: Comprehensive review of an elusive opportunistic pathogen

Table 6 Brain abscess

Ref.	Year	Country	Patients	Sex	Granulicatella species	Diagnosis	Intervention	Outcome/prognosis
Datta et al[89]	2018	United States	1	Female	G. adiacens	Bacteremia with brain metastases	Single dose of oritavancin after vancomycin therapy	Mortality
Patil et al[41]	2019	United Kingdom	1	Female	G. adiacens	IE with ruptured chordae tendinae, septic embolization, brain abscess and lumbar spine osteomyelitis	IV vancomycin and meropenem. Mitral valve replacement with Hancock type 2 mitral valve tissue. Six-week course of intravenous vancomycin and ertapenem	Good prognosis
Cerceo et al[99]	2004	United States	2	Female; female	G. adiacens; Abiotrophia defectiva	Epidural abscess with meningitis. Brain abscess with meningitis	Surgical drainage of epidural abscess; antibiotic therapy with penicillin and gentamicin; vancomycin and gentamicin	Good prognosis; good prognosis
Yeung[92]	2021	Canada	1	Female	G. adiacens	Central nervous system infection following suboccipital craniotomy for grade 1 pilocytic astrocytom	Initially, penicillin G and gentamicin; later switched to meropenem due to resistance; finally transitioned to vancomycin; total of 30 days of effective antimicrobial therapy	Good prognosis
Chang et al[30]	2008	Taiwan	1	Male	G. adiacens	IE with infectious intracranial aneurysms and recurrent hemorrhagic stroke	Initially, ampicillin/sulbactam for 14 days, followed by oral amoxicillin/clavulanic acid for 2 weeks. Surgical clipping of intracranial aneurysms. Parenteral oxacillin and gentamicin therapy for recurrent infectious intracranial aneurysms. Mitral valvuloplasty performed 5 months after stabilization of neurological function	Symptom resolution with no further brain insults over a 5 year follow up period
Culleton et al[37]	2016	Ireland	1	Male	G. adiacens	IE with embolic stroke and splenic artery aneurysms	Mitral and aortic valve repair surgery, followed by emergency splenectomy	Good prognosis
Akyol et al[100]	2018	Turkey	1	Male	G. elegans, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus	Brain abscess in the right temporal region following tooth extraction	Abscess drainage, empirical antibiotic therapy with ceftriaxone and metronidazole, later switched to penicillin, and subsequently to linezolid due to penicillin allergy; total of 10 weeks of antibiotic treatment	Good prognosis
Vivar et al[74]	2017	United States	1	Female	Granulicatella species; Abiotrophia species; (not specified)	Peritonitis associated with ventriculoperitoneal shunt and central nervous system infection	Laparoscopic surgery, ventriculoperitoneal shunt externalization, and antibiotic therapy including vancomycin, rifampin, and metronidazole	Good prognosis
Opperman et al[38]	2020	South Africa	1	Female	G. adiacens	IE with stroke and mycotic aneurysm	IV penicillin for 4 weeks and gentamycin for 2 weeks	Good prognosis

G. adiacens: Granulicatella adiacens; G. elegans: Granulicatella elegans; IE: Infective endocarditis; IV: Intravenous.