Granulicatella infections: Comprehensive review of an elusive opportunistic pathogen

Table 4 Gastrointestinal infections

Ref.	Year	Country	Patient(s)	Sex	Age, years	Granulicatella species	Diagnosis	Intervention(s)	Outcome/prognosis
Abdul-Redha et al[73]	2007	Denmark	3	Male; female; female	78; 71; 47	G. elegans; G. elegans; G. elegans	Bacteremia with abdominal focus (ileus and necrosis of the ascending colon). Bacteremia with abdominal focus (intestinal perforation and intra-abdominal abscess). Bacteremia with abdominal focus (intra-abdominal abscess)	Right-side hemicolectomy; antibiotics (cefuroxime, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin). Surgery for intestinal perforation and abscess drainage; antibiotics (penicillin, gentamicin, metronidazole, imipenem, amphotericin B). Surgery for intra-abdominal abscess; antibiotics (penicillin, gentamicin, metronidazole, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin)	Mortality; good prognosis; good prognosis
Koh et al[67]	2014	Korea	3	Male; male; male	62; 21; 49	G. adiacens; G. adiacens; G. adiacens	Sepsis; pneumonia; peritonitis and advanced gastric cancer	IV cefotaxime and IV vancomycin; antibiotics (details not given); antibiotics (details not given)	Good prognosis; good prognosis; good prognosis
Vivar et al[74]	2017	United States	1	Female	13	Granulicatella and Abiotrophia species (not specified)	Peritonitis associated with ventriculoperitoneal shunt and central nervous system infection	Laparoscopic surgery, ventriculoperitoneal shunt externalization, and antibiotic therapy including vancomycin, rifampin, and metronidazole	Good prognosis
Cincotta et al[75]	2015	United States	1	Male	50	G. adiacens	Bacterascites (nonneutrocytic monomicrobial ascites)	Vancomycin	Good prognosis
Shamrock et al[76]	2019	United States	1	Male	5	G. adiacens	Ruptured appendicitis with retrocecal abscess	Abscess drainage, IV antibiotics (vancomycin and meropenem), followed by oral amoxicillin/clavulanate and metronidazole; elective laparoscopic appendectomy performed 3 months later	Good prognosis
Elfessi et al[77]	2019	United States	1	Male	38	G. adiacens	Secondary bacterial peritonitis associated with malignant ascites	Fuid resuscitation, removal of the peritoneal catheter, initial broad-spectrum antibiotics (vancomycin, aztreonam, and metronidazole), later narrowed to vancomycin monotherapy (8 days)	Good prognosis

G. adiacens: Granulicatella adiacens; IV: Intravenous.