Granulicatella infections: Comprehensive review of an elusive opportunistic pathogen

Table 3 Pulmonary infections

Ref.	Year	Country	Patient(s)	Sex	Age, years	Granulicatella species	Diagnosis	Intervention	Outcome/prognosis
Yang et al[59]	2021	China	1	Female	52	G. adiacens (along with Eikenella corrodens and Staphylococcus aureus)	Lung abscess with right-sided hydropneumothorax and bronchogenic carcinoma	Thoracic puncture and drainage, antibiotic therapy with moxifloxacin and ornidazole, and nutritional support	Good prognosis
Freire et al[60]	2022	United States	1	Male	41	G. adiacens and Streptococcus constellatus	Lung abscess with persistent left lower lobe collapse	Augmentin for 4 weeks, followed by IV vancomycin and oral levofloxacin for 6 weeks; segmentectomy scheduled due to persistent lung collapse	Persistence of lung collapse secondary to abscesses
Koh et al[67]	2014	Korea	3	Male; male; male	62; 21; 49	G. adiacens; G. adiacens; G. adiacens	Sepsis; pneumonia; peritonitis and advanced gastric cancer	IV cefotaxime and IV vancomycin; antibiotics (details not given); antibiotics (details not given)	Good prognosis; good prognosis; good prognosis
Purohit et al[68]	2022	India	1	Male	68	G. adiacens	Left sided empyema complicated by sepsis and necrotizing fasciitis	Initially, cefuroxime. Later: Ceftriaxone and linezolid, intercostal chest tube placement for fluid drainage; fasciotomy for necrotizing fasciitis	Mortality due to acute myocardial infarction
Mvelase et al[69]	2016	South Africa	1	Female	30	G. elegans	Thoracic empyema with tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection	Intercostal drainage of pleural effusion; initially, ceftriaxone. Later switched to penicillin based on susceptibility testing; three weeks of hospitalization	Good prognosis
Acharya et al[63]	2020	United States	1	Male	56	G. adiacens	Right-sided multifocal pneumonia with complex parapneumonic effusion and bacteremia	Chest tube drainage, tissue plasminogen activator and deoxyribonuclease therapy, and antibiotic regimen including vancomycin, piperacillin/tazobactam, ceftriaxone, ampicillin, gentamicin, and metronidazole	Good prognosis

G. adiacens: Granulicatella adiacens; G. elegans: Granulicatella elegans; IV: Intravenous.