Granulicatella infections: Comprehensive review of an elusive opportunistic pathogen

Table 2 Osteomyelitis

Ref.	Year	Country	Patients	Sex	Age, years	Granulicatella species	Diagnosis	Intervention	Outcome/prognosis
Rosenthal et al[13]	2002	Germany	1	Male	68	G. adiacens	Vertebral osteomyelitis at the T10/11 Level and IE	Bed rest, antibiotics (penicillin, rifampin, gentamicin), and discontinuation of gentamicin due to resistance	Good prognosis
Hepburn et al[54]	2003	United States	1	Female	68	G. adiacens	Septic arthritis	Arthroscopic irrigation, cefazolin (4 weeks), gentamicin (2 weeks), and synovial fluid inoculation into blood culture bottles for diagnosis	Good prognosis
Fukuda et al[50]	2010	Japan	1	Male	73	G. adiacens	Vertebral osteomyelitis at L3/L4 Level and discitis	penicillin G (20 million U/day) and gentamicin (150 mg/day) for 4 weeks, followed by amoxicillin (1500 mg/day); mitral valvoplasty performed 107 days after treatment initiation	Good prognosis
York et al[51]	2016	Sweden	1	Male	46	G. adiacens	Vertebral osteomyelitis at L2 Level	Lateral corpectomy and posterior fixation for spinal stabilization; antibiotic therapy with vancomycin and ceftazidime, later narrowed to vancomycin for six weeks	Good prognosis
Sandhu et al[52]	2017	United States	1	Male	61	G. adiacens	Vertebral osteomyelitis at L3/4 Level	Ceftriaxone and gentamicin	Good prognosis
Bakhsh et al[53]	2017	United States	1	Male	48	Granulicatella/Abiotrophia species	Vertebral osteomyelitis at L3/4 Level with associated discitis and epidural phlegmon	IV vancomycin for 6 weeks	Good prognosis
Gupta et al[56]	2018	India	2	Male; male	30; 18	G. adiacens; G. adiacens	Suprapatellar abscess; right elbow abscess	Abscess drainage, intravenous cefotaxime, followed by oral cefuroxime; abscess drainage	Good prognosis; patient lost to follow up
Patil et al[41]	2019	United States	1	Female	44	G. adiacens	Vertebral osteomyelitis at L3-L4 Level, native mitral valve IE, and brain abscess	Mitral valve replacement surgery; six weeks of intravenous vancomycin and ertapenem	Good prognosis
Mizuki et al[55]	2019	Japan	1	Female	10	G. adiacens	Chronic mandibular osteomyelitis	Initially, ampicillin/sulbactam; later switched to linezolid and ciprofloxacin due to adverse drug events; multiple curettages of mandibular bone; hyperbaric oxygen therapy	Good prognosis
Van Der Palen et al[57]	2021	Egypt	1	Male	45	G. adiacens	Vertebral osteomyelitis at L2/L3 Level	Intravenous penicillin (6 million U/day for 3 weeks), followed by oral clindamycin (600 mg three times daily for 2 weeks)	Good prognosis
Kuo et al[58]	2020	Taiwan	1	Female	40	G. adiacens	Vertebral osteomyelitis at L5/S1 Level following mitral valve repair	Percutaneous endoscopic interlaminar lumbar discectomy; intravenous vancomycin for 14 days, followed by oral amoxicillin	Good prognosis
Maudlin et al[12]	2022	Australia	1	Male	32	G. adiacens	Subacute IE with right sacroilitis	Six-week course of intravenous ceftriaxone (2 g daily) and two-week course of gentamicin (240 mg daily); no surgical intervention	Good prognosis

G. adiacens: Granulicatella adiacens; IE: Infective endocarditis; IV: Intravenous.