Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and interventions for postpartum depression: Systematic review

Figure 6 Emerging research frontiers and future directions in postpartum depression. This figure 6 illustrates five priority research domains for postpartum depression: Biomarkers, digital and artificial intelligence-based screening, family-centered care, cross-cultural adaptation, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Each domain highlights actionable priorities such as immune-inflammatory markers (interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein), smartphone-based Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale tools, dyadic emotion regulation, culturally embedded care models, and multisystem frameworks for scalable mental health delivery. AI: Artificial intelligence; CBT: Cognitive behavioral therapy; CRP: C-reactive protein; IL-6: Interleukin-6; SCFAs: Short-chain fatty acids; PPD: Postpartum depression; LMICs: Low- and middle-income countries.