Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and interventions for postpartum depression: Systematic review

Figure 5 Effectiveness and GRADE evidence of postpartum depression Interventions. Bar height represents the approximate mean reduction in Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale scores based on randomized (controlled) trials or representative meta-analytic estimates. Bar color corresponds to a modified GRADE classification: GRADE IA (green) = ≥ 2 multicenter randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or Phase III trials; GRADE IB (yellow) = ≥ 3 independent RCTs; GRADE II (orange) = systematic reviews where primary trials have sample or design limitations; the gray hatched bar (//) denotes neuromodulation, which is currently in the protocol stage and lacks comparable clinical outcome data. CBT: Cognitive behavioral therapy; EPDS: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; IPT: Interpersonal therapy; tDCS: Transcranial direct current stimulation.