Purpureocillium lilacinum: A minireview

Table 2 The properties of Purpureocillium lilacinum

Category	Details
Scientific name	Purpureocillium lilacinum
Taxonomy	Kingdom: Fungi
	Phylum: Ascomycota
	Class: Sordariomycetes
	Order: Hypocreales
	Family: Ophiocordycipitaceae
Habitat	Soil, decaying organic matter, and some plants as a saprophyte
Morphology	White to pale lavender conidial head
	Purple-lilac-colored conidia
	Typically grows as a saprobe on decaying organic matter
Reproductive structures	Conidia (asexual spores) are the primary method of reproduction
Ecology	Saprotrophic; decomposes organic matter, may also act as a biocontrol agent
Biocontrol applications	Used as a natural insecticide, especially for controlling pests like root-knot nematodes and various soil-borne pests
Pathogenicity	Typically, not harmful to humans or animals
	Some strains have shown potential as biocontrol agents for nematodes
Medicinal potential	No significant known medicinal uses, but some species in this family have been explored for their bioactive compounds
Growth conditions	Temperature: Optimal growth occurs between 25-30 °C (77-86 °F)
	PH: Slightly acidic to neutral environments
Patient characteristics for invasive infections
Underlying conditions	Hematological/oncological disease-acute leukaemia, solid tumours, lymphoma, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, chronic granulomatous disease, hypogammaglobulinemia, immune thrombocytopenic purpura
	Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-allogenic, autologous, graft-versus-host disease, solid organ transplant
	Heart
	Kidney, chronic kidney disease, dialysis (hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis)
	Liver
	Lung, chronic lung disease
	Diabetes mellitus
	Human immunodeficiency virus
	Long-term immunosuppression
	Neutropenia
	Major surgery
	Steroid treatment
	Trauma
Indwelling devices	Bronchial stent, central venous catheter, prosthetic aortic valve
Organ involvement	Blood, bone and joints, central nervous system, deep tissue, heart, lung, peritoneum, sinuses, skin
Signs and symptoms of infection	Cough, dyspnoea, erythema, fever, gastrointestinal symptoms, nasal obstruction/sinus tenderness, neurological signs, pain, skin nodules, skin oedema/swelling, skin ulcerations, tachypnoea, weight loss
Imaging procedures	Computed tomography (head, paranasal sinuses, chest), magnetic resonance imaging (head), ultrasound (heart), X-ray (chest)
Mycological evidence	Culture, histology, microscopy, polymerase chain reaction
Treatment	Prophylactic treatment, systemic antifungal therapy, non-systemic antifungal therapy, no treatment, combinations, surgical treatment, removal of indwelling devices