Adenosine deaminase in pleural effusion: Bridging diagnosis and the pathophysiology of inflammation

Table 1 Global research gaps addressed by Maranhão et al[3]

Gap	Study contribution
Lack of standardized cutoffs	Derived a P-ADA cutoff (≥ 9.00 U/L) using rigorous statistical validation in a Brazilian cohort
Ethnic/regional variability	First Latin American study to address population-specific thresholds for P-ADA
Pathophysiological insights	Linked elevated P-ADA to ADA2 isoform activity in macrophages and lymphocytes during inflammation
Multi-center validation	Highlighted the need for global multicenter trials

P-ADA: Pleural adenosine deaminase.