Clinical characteristics of testicular torsion and factors influencing testicular salvage in children: A 12-year study in tertiary center

Table 3 Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of related factors related to testicular salvage

Characteristic	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
Age (yr), median (range)	1.16 (0.977-1.378)	0.09
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD	1.54 (1.14-2.06)	< 0.01	1.24 (0.46-3.39)	0.669
Initial symptom
Testicular pain	Ref
Scrotal swelling	0.39 (0.09-1.80)	0.230
Nausea and vomiting	0.66 (0.04-11.01)	0.771
Other	0.66 (0.04-11.01)	0.771
Previous history of testicular torsion
No	Ref
Yes	0.72 (0.14-3.85)	0.706
Time from the event to the hospitalization (min), median (range)	0.99 (0.97-1.01)	0.423
The side of the twisted testicle
Left	Ref
Right	1.08 (0.36-3.24)	0.888
Intratesticular blood flow
Invisible	Ref
Visible	0.72 (0.17-3.12)	0.658
Testicular parenchymal echotexture
Nonhomogeneous	Ref
Homogeneous	0.73 (0.10-5.49)	0.761
Operative time (min), median (range)	0.98 (0.95-1.00)	0.073
Location of testicular torsion
Intrathecal	Ref
Extrathecal	1.51 (0.13-17.44)	0.740
Torsion angle	1.00 (0.99-1.00)	< 0.05
Testicular color of the affected testis
Black	Ref
Maroon	123358712.82 (0.00-Inf)	0.994
Bright red	123358712.25 (0.00-Inf)	0.995
Other	123358712.35 (0.00-Inf)	0.998
Normal testicular fixation
No	Ref
Yes	0.31 (0.03-2.96)	0.312
Hospital stay time, median (range)	1.18 (0.96-1.44)	0.112
Red blood cell count (109/L), mean ± SD	5.27 (1.18-23.57)	< 0.05	6.00 (0.10-348.34)	0.387
White blood cell count (109/L), median (range)	0.98 (0.86-1.13)	0.811
NLR, median (range)	1.34 (1.08-1.67)	< 0.01	3.78 (0.96-14.91)	0.057
LMR, median (range)	1.21 (0.85-1.73)	0.285
Season of events
Spring	Ref
Summer	0.76 (0.17-3.49)	0.728
Autumn	0.64 (0.15-2.78)	0.548
Winter	0.91 (0.28-2.92)	0.873
Patient's residence
Rural area	Ref
Urban area	0.81 (0.30-2.20)	0.681
Patient's guardian
Father	Ref
Mather	1.38 (0.47-4.03)	0.554
Other	0.90 (0.28-2.88)	0.863
Initial diagnosis institution
Primary hospital	Ref		Ref
Tertiary hospital	5.62 (1.99-15.88)	< 0.01	12.58 (1.12-141.05)	< 0.05
Median treatment cost [United States dollars, median (range)]	1.00 (1.00-1.00)	0.650

BMI: Body mass index; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; LMR: Lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio; OR: Odds ratio.