Removal of intrahepatic bile duct stone could reduce the risk of cholangiocarcinoma: A single-center retrospective study in South Korea

Table 1 Baseline characteristics between intrahepatic duct stone patient with or without cholangiocarcinoma

Variable	IHD stone with CCC, n = 36	IHD stone without CCC, n = 361	P value
Male sex	12 (33.3)	143 (39.6)	0.4613
Age	60.75 ± 10.20	61.31 ± 10.58	0.6872
BMI	23.27 ± 3.23	22.93 ± 3.27	0.5511
Hepatitis
None	31 (86.1)	342 (94.7)	0.0494
HBV	4 (11.1)	11 (3.0)
HCV	1 (2.8)	8 (2.2)
DM	5 (13.9)	53 (14.7)	0.8933
HT	5 (13.9)	66 (18.4)	0.5033
CA19-9, minimum	176.00 ± 463.47	11.96 ± 15.65	0.0102
CA19-9 > UNL	7 (19.4)	7 (1.9)	< 0.0014
CEA, minimum	8.23 ± 29.45	1.96 ± 1.32	0.3322
CEA > UNL	5 (13.9)	7 (1.9)	0.0024
Location
Lt & both	31 (86.1)	253 (70.1)	0.0423
Rt	5 (13.9)	108 (29.9)
Multiple stone	30 (83.3)	254 (70.4)	0.1003
Stone size > duct diameter	19 (52.8)	173 (47.9)	0.5783
Focal atrophy	19 (52.8)	97 (26.9)	0.0013
Duct stricture	17 (47.2)	90 (24.9)	0.0043
IHD stone removal	12 (33.3)	228 (63.2)	< 0.0013
Complete removal & no recurrence	8 (22.2)	165 (45.7)	0.0073
Complete removal & recurrence	2 (5.6)	29 (8.0)	10.0004
Incomplete removal	2 (5.6)	34 (9.4)	0.7594
Removal method
Non-surgery, PTCS, ERCP	6 (50.0)	128 (56.1)	0.6763
Surgery	6 (50.0)	100 (43.9)
Medication
Aspirin	0 (0.0)	14 (3.9)	0.6264
UDCA	28 (77.8)	265 (73.4)	0.5703
Metformin	3 (8.3)	19 (5.3)	0.4374
Statin	2 (5.6)	23 (6.4)	1.0004
Recurrent cholangitis	20 (55.6)	185 (51.2)	0.6223
F/U period, mean ± SD	96.33 ± 59.06	83.93 ± 60.38	0.1642

¹P values were derived from independent t-test.

²P values were derived from Mann-Whitney U test.

³P values were derived by χ² test.

⁴P values were derived from Fisher’s exact test. Shapiro-Wilk test was employed for test of normality assumption. Values are either frequency with percentage in parentheses or mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median (interquartile range). BMI: Body mass index; CA19-9: Carbohydrate antigen 19-9; CCC: Cholangiocarcinoma; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; DM: Diabetes mellitus; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; F/U: Follow up; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; IHD: Intrahepatic duct; HT: Hypertension; PTCS: Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy; UDCA: Ursodeoxycholic acid; UNL: Upper normal limit.